The Panama region, order having been restored…

The Panama region, order having been restored by early 1831, reincorporates itself to what is left of the republic of Gran Colombia—forming a territory now slightly larger than present day Panama and Colombia combined—which by now has adopted the name of Republic of New Granada.

By July 1831, as the new countries of Venezuela and Ecuador are being established, the isthmus had again reiterated its independence, now under the same General Alzuru as supreme military commander.

Abuses committed by Alzuru's short-lived administration are countered by military forces under the command of Colonel Tomás Herrera, resulting in the defeat and execution of Alzuru in August, and the reestablishment of ties with New Granada.

The precarious alliance of the two nations is to last seventy years.