Adal, Sultanate of

The Adal Sultanate or the Kingdom of Adal (c. 1415 - 1555) is a medieval multi-ethnic muslim state located in the Horn of Africa that has relations and trade with countries in Africa, the Near East, Europe and Asia.

Many of the historic cities in the Horn of Africa such as Maduna, Abasa, Berbera, Zeila and Harar flourish with courtyard houses, mosques, shrines, walled enclosures, and cisterns during the kingdom's Golden Age.After the death of Sa'ad ad-Din II, it succeeds the Kingdom of Ifat, and Adalite armies under the leadership of illustrative rulers such as Sabr ad-Din II, Mansur ad-Din, Jamal ad-Din II, Shams ad-Din and general Mahfuz continue the struggle against the Solomonic Christian Empire.At the turn of the 16th century, Adal organiszes an effective army led by Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi that invades the Ethiopian Empire.

This campaign is historically known as the Conquest of Abyssinia or Futuh al Habash, in which Ahmed pioneers the use of cannons supplied by the Ottoman Empire in Horn African warfare against Solomonic forces and the Portuguese army led by Cristóvão da Gama.

At its height, the state controls large parts of Somalia, Ethiopia, Djibouti and Eritrea.