Adana, Ottoman viyalet of

The Ottoman Empire is a world power when Suleyman dies in 1566.

Most of the great cities of Islam—Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem, Damascus, Cairo, Tunis, and Baghdad— are under the sultan's crescent flag.

The Porte exercises direct control over Anatolia, the sub-Danubian Balkan provinces, Syria, Palestine, and Mesopotamia.

Egypt, Mecca, and the North African provinces are governed under special regulations, as are satellite domains in Arabia and the Caucasus, and among the Crimean Tartars.

In addition, the native rulers of Wallachia, Moldavia, Transylvania, and Ragusa (Dubrovnik) are vassals of the sultan.

Sultan Mahmud II is so alarmed by the possibility of deposition that he accepts Russia's offer of military aid, much to the dismay of the British and French governments.

From this position, Russia brokers a negotiated solution in 1833 known as the Convention of Kütahya.

The terms of the peace are that Ali will withdraw his forces from Anatolia and receive the territories of Crete (at this time known as Candia) and the Hejaz as compensation, and Ibrahim Pasha is to be appointed Wali of Syria.

As the result of near-endless discussions between the representatives of the powers, the Porte and the pasha, the Convention of Kütahya is signed on May 14, 1833, by which the sultan agrees to bestow on Muhammad Ali the pashaliks of Syria, Damascus, Aleppo, and Itcheli, together with the district of Adana.

The announcement of the pasha's appointment had already been made in the usual way in the annual firman issued on May 3.

Adana is bestowed on Ibrahim under the style of muhassil, or collector of the crown revenues, a few days later.