Dubai, Emirate of
Substate | Active
1799 CE to 2057 CE
Dubai is the largest and most populous city in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).[4] It is located on the southeast coast of the Persian Gulf and is the capital of the Emirate of Dubai, one of the seven emirates that make up the country.
Abu Dhabi and Dubai are the only two emirates to have veto power over critical matters of national importance in the country's legislature.
The city of Dubai is located on the emirate's northern coastline and heads the Dubai-Sharjah-Ajman metropolitan area.
Dubai has emerged as a global city and business hub of the Middle East.
It is also a major transport hub for passengers and cargo.
By the 1960s, Dubai's economy is based on revenues from trade and, to a smaller extent, oil exploration concessions, but oil is not discovered until 1966.
Oil revenue first starts to flow in 1969.[
Dubai's oil revenue help accelerate the early development of the city, but its reserves are limited and production levels are low: today, less than 5% of the emirate's revenue comes from oil.
The emirate's Western-style model of business drives its economy with the main revenues now coming from tourism, aviation, real estate, and financial services.
Dubai has recently attracted world attention through many innovative large construction projects and sports events.
The city has become iconic for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the world's tallest building, the Burj Khalifa.
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Accordingly, in the nineteenth century Wahhabi tribe under the leadership of the Al Saud move at various times against Kuwait, Bahrain, and Oman.
The Wahhabi faith creates internal dissension in Oman as well as an external menace because it proves popular with some of the Ibadi tribes in the Omani interior.
The Al Qasimi tribes that have controlled the area since the eighteenth century adapt Wahhabi ideas and transfer the movement's religious enthusiasm to the piracy in which they had traditionally engaged.
Whereas Wahhabi thought opposes all that is not orthodox in Islam, it particularly opposes non-Muslim elements such as the increasing European presence in the Persian Gulf.
The increased European presence results in large part from commercial competition between Al Qasimi merchants and British merchants for the lucrative trade between India and the Persian Gulf in the early nineteenth century.
British merchants enlist the British navy to assist them by launching attacks on Al Qasimi strongholds in the present-day UAE as early as 1809.
The navy does not succeed in controlling the situation until 1819, in which year, the British send a fleet from India that destroys Ras al Khaymah, an Al Qasimi port at the eastern end of the gulf.
From Ras al Khaymah, the British fleet destroys Al Qasimi ships along both sides of the gulf.
The British have no desire to take over the desolate areas along the gulf; they only wish to control the trading cities.
The British decide to leave most tribal leaders in power and conclude a series of treaties with them.
As a result of these truces, the Arab side of the gulf comes to be known as the "Trucial Coast."
This area had previously been under the nominal control of the sultan in Oman, although the Trucial Coast tribes are not part of the Ibadi imamate.
The area has also been referred to as "Trucial Oman" to distinguish it from the part of Oman under the sultan that is not bound by treaty obligation.
The British in 1820 seem primarily interested in controlling the Al Qasimi, whose main centers are Ras al Khaymah, Ajman, and Sharjah, which were all small ports along the southeastern gulf coast.
The original treaties, however, also involve Dubai and Bahrain, which are entrepôts.
The inclusion of these ports bring two other extended families, the Bani Yas and the Al Khalifa, into the trucial system.
Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab's ideas prove popular among many of the peninsula tribes, including the Al Thani, before the Al Khalifa attempt to take over the area from Bahrain at the beginning of the nineteenth century.
As a result, Wahhabi beliefs motivate Al Thani efforts to resist the attempt of the Al Khalifa, who reject Wahhabism, to gain control of the peninsula.
Wahhabism will distinguish Qatar religiously from its neighbors in the early twenty-first century.
The Al Said, an Ibadi family from one of the coastal cities, persuades the local population to help it expel the Iranians in 1742; this puts the leader, Ahmad ibn Said Al Said, in control of the Omani coast.
His success sufficiently impresses the Ibadi leaders that they make him imam several years later.
The title of imam gives Ahmad ibn Said control over all of Oman, and under him and his successors the country will prosper for more than a century.
The Omanis extend their influence into the interior and into part of the present-day United Arab Emirates (UAE), consisting of the states of Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Al Fujayrah, Dubayy, Ras al Khaymah, Sharjah, and Umm al Qaywayn.
They also collect tribute from as far away as present-day Bahrain and Iraq.
The Omanis conquer the Dhofar region, which is part of present-day Oman but is not historically part of the region of Oman.
Ahmad ibn Said had succeeded in uniting Oman under an Ibadi imamate, but the religious nature of his family's authority does not last long.
His son, Said ibn Ahmad Al Said, had been elected to the imamate after him, but no other family member has won the official approval of the religious establishment.
As a result, the Al Said call themselves sultans, a secular title having none of the religious associations of imam.
They further distance themselves from Ibadi traditions by moving their capital from Ar Rustaq, a traditional Ibadi center in the interior, to the trading center of Muscat.
As a result of the move, the dichotomy between coast and interior that had traditionally split Oman is reinstituted.
The relationship between coast and interior is becoming a major feature within the gulf.
Tribes from the interior increasingly begin to move and settle into the coastal centers in the eighteenth century.
The economy on the Arab side of the gulf does not match past prosperity, but coastal conditions remain better than those in central Arabia.
Limited agriculture exists, and the gulf waters are the site of rich oyster beds for harvesting pearls.
The area's easy access to India, a major market for pearls, makes the pearling industry particularly lucrative, and this draws the attention of tribes in the interior.
The tribal migrations that occur around 1800 put in place the tribes and clans that in the early twenty-first century will control Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and the UAE.
A number of other tribes are living along the gulf in the early 1800s.
Thus, Al Sabah and Al Khalifa control means that these families rule loosely over other tribes.
Before taking Bahrain, the Al Khalifa first had established a settlement across the water on the peninsula that is present-day Qatar.
Although the Al Khalifa are successful in taking Bahrain, they are unable to hold Qatar.
They lose the peninsula to the Al Thani, the leading family from another tribe that, like the Bani Utub, had recently moved into the area.
The exact origins of the Al Thani are unknown, but they are already in Qatar when the Al Khalifa arrive.
The Bani Yas originate in central Arabia and probably establish themselves on the coast at Abu Dhabi around 1700; they later extend their influence to Dubai.
Historical evidence indicates that the Al Qasimi lived along the gulf during the pre-Islamic period and engaged in trade, pearling, and piracy.
The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries are a turbulent time for Arabia in general and for the gulf in particular.
To the southeast, the Al Said of Oman are extending their influence northward, and from Iraq the Ottoman Turks are extending their influence southward.
From the east, both the Iranians and the British are becoming increasingly involved in Arab affairs.
The most significant development in the region, however, is the Wahhabi movement.
The name Wahhabi derives from Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab, who dies in 1792.
He had grown up in an oasis town in central Arabia where he studied Hanbali law, usually considered the strictest of Islamic legal schools, with his grandfather.
While still a young man, he had left home and continued his studies in Medina and then in Iraq and Iran.
When he returns from Iran to Arabia in the late 1730s, he attacks as idolatry many of the customs followed by tribes in the area who venerate rocks and trees.
He extend his criticism to practices of the Twelve Imam Shia, such as veneration of the tombs of holy men.
He focuses on the central Muslim principle that there is only one God and that this God does not share his divinity with anyone.
From this principle, his students begin to refer to themselves as muwahhidun (sing., muwahhid), or "unitarians."
Their detractors refer to them as "Wahhabis."
Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab considers himself a reformer and looks for a political figure to give his ideas a wider audience.
He finds this person in Muhammad ibn Saud, the emire of Ad Diriyah, a small town near Riyadh.
In 1744 the two swear a traditional Muslim pledge in which they promise to work together to establish a new state (which will later become present-day Saudi Arabia) based on Islamic principles.
The limited but successful military campaigns of Muhammad ibn Saud cause Arabs from all over the peninsula to feel the impact of Wahhabi ideas.
The Wahhabis become known for a fanaticism similar to that of the early Kharijites.
This fanaticism helps to intensify conflicts in the gulf.
Whereas tribes from the interior have always raided settled communities along the coast, the Wahhabi faith provides them with a justification for continuing these incursions to spread true Islam.
Accordingly, in the nineteenth century Wahhabi tribes, under the leadership of the Al Saud, move at various times against Kuwait, Bahrain, and Oman.
In Oman, the Wahhabi faith creates internal dissension as well as an external menace because it proves popular with some of the Ibadi tribes in the Omani interior.
Wahhabi thought has a special impact on the history of Qatar.
Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab's ideas prove popular among many of the peninsula tribes, including the Al Thani, before the Al Khalifa attempt to take over the area from Bahrain at the beginning of the nineteenth century.
As a result, Wahhabi beliefs motivate Al Thani efforts to resist the attempt of the Al Khalifa, who reject Wahhabism, to gain control of the peninsula.
Wahhabism will distinguish Qatar religiously from its neighbors in the early twenty-first century.
Wahhabi fervor is also significant in the history of the present-day UAE.
The Al Qasimi tribes that have controlled the area since the eighteenth century adapt Wahhabi ideas and transfer the movement's religious enthusiasm to the piracy in which they had traditionally engaged.
Whereas Wahhabi thought opposes all that is not orthodox in Islam, it particularly opposes non-Muslim elements such as the increasing European presence in the Persian Gulf.
The increased European presence results in large part from commercial competition between Al Qasimi merchants and British merchants for the lucrative trade between India and the Persian Gulf in the early nineteenth century.
British merchants enlist the British navy to assist them by launching attacks on Al Qasimi strongholds in the present-day UAE as early as 1809.
The navy does not succeed in controlling the situation until 1819, in which year, the British send a fleet from India that destroys Ras al Khaymah, an Al Qasimi port at the east-ern end of the gulf.
From Ras al Khaymah, the British fleet destroys Al Qasimi ships along both sides of the gulf.
The British have no desire to take over the desolate areas along the gulf; they only wish to control the trading cities.
The British decide to leave most tribal leaders in power and conclude a series of treaties with them.
As a result of these truces, the Arab side of the gulf comes to be known as the "Trucial Coast."
This area had previously been under the nominal control of the sultan in Oman, although the Trucial Coast tribes are not part of the Ibadi imamate.
The area has also been referred to as "Trucial Oman" to distinguish it from the part of Oman under the sultan that is not bound by treaty obligation.
The British in 1820 seem primarily interested in controlling the Al Qasimi, whose main centers are Ras al Khaymah, Ajman, and Sharjah, which were all small ports along the southeastern gulf coast.
The original treaties, however, also involve Dubai and Bahrain, which are entrepôts. The inclusion of these ports bring two other extended families, the Bani Yas and the Al Khalifa, into the trucial system.
To the southeast, the Al Said of Oman are extending their influence northward, and from Iraq the Ottoman Turks are extending their influence southward.
From the east, both the Iranians and the British are becoming increasingly involved in Arab affairs.
The most significant development in the region, however, is the Wahhabi movement.
The name Wahhabi derives from Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab, who dies in 1792.
He had grown up in an oasis town in central Arabia where he studied Hanbali law, usually considered the strictest of Islamic legal schools, with his grandfather.
While still a young man, he had left home and continued his studies in Medina and then in Iraq and Iran.
When he returns from Iran to Arabia in the late 1730s, he attacks as idolatry many of the customs followed by tribes in the area who venerate rocks and trees.
He extend his criticism to practices of the Twelve Imam Shia, such as veneration of the tombs of holy men.
He focuses on the central Muslim principle that there is only one God and that this God does not share his divinity with anyone.
From this principle, his students begin to refer to themselves as muwahhidun (sing., muwahhid), or "unitarians."
Their detractors refer to them as "Wahhabis."
Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab considers himself a reformer and looks for a political figure to give his ideas a wider audience.
He finds this person in Muhammad ibn Saud, the emire of Ad Diriyah, a small town near Riyadh.
The two swear a traditional Muslim pledge in 1744 in which they promise to work together to establish a new state (which will later become present-day Saudi Arabia) based on Islamic principles.
The limited but successful military campaigns of Muhammad ibn Saud cause Arabs from all over the peninsula to feel the impact of Wahhabi ideas.
The Wahhabis become known for a fanaticism similar to that of the early Kharijites.
This fanaticism helps to intensify conflicts in the gulf.