Giao Chỉ, or Jiaozhi (Vietnam)
State | Defunct
1407 CE to 1427 CE
Jiaozhi (Vietnamese: Giao-chỉ), is the name for various provinces, commanderies, prefectures, and counties in northern Vietnam from the era of the Hùng kings to the middle of the Third Chinese domination of Vietnam (c. seventh–tenth centuries) and again during the Fourth Chinese domination (1407–1427).
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About two hundred thousand Chinese troops invade Dai Viet, or Annam, in 1407, opposed by Ho Qui Ly’s troops across the Red River.
Conspirators intent on restoring the Tran dynasty undermine the defenders’ morale, enabling the Chinese invaders to easily defeat the Vietnamese army and capture the usurper and his son Ho Han Thuong, who they send to China (where they are presumably executed).
The Yongle emperor, instead of restoring the Tran family’s sovereignty after his successful invasion of Dai Viet, or Annam, annexes the Vietnamese polity to his empire in 1407, appointing a Chinese governor-general as head of the Annamese state and reorganizing the administration under Chinese officials.
Le Loi, a wealthy Vietnamese landowner, had fomented an anti-Chinese resistance movement in 1416, organizing, with the help of the poet Nguyen Trai, a guerilla force in the Lam Son region.
Initially, the guerillas attacked outposts and supply lines without directly engaging the Chinese army of occupation, aiming to win a war of attrition.
Eventually drawn into three costly battles, Le Loi’s troops retreat to the Chi Linh Mountains near Lam Son, and obtain help in 1419 from the Laotians.
Le Loi, after supplying junks to transport the defeated Chinese troops back to China, orders Tran Cao killed and assumes the throne as the first ruler of the Le dynasty, soon afterward concluding a peace with Yongle’s successor.