Hmong
Nation | Active
11 CE to 2057 CE
The Hmong are an Asian ethnic group from the mountainous regions of China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand.
Hmong are also one of the sub-groups of the Miao ethnicity in southern China.
Hmong groups begin a gradual southward migration in the 18th century due to political unrest and to find more arable land.
Hmong are rich in culture, art and family and are distinguished by costume/dress (fabric patterns represent fruit, vegetables, farming, chickens, eggs, etc.)
The United States recruits a number of Hmong people to help fight against the communist Pathet Lao, known as the secret war, during the Laotian Civil War.
Hmong people are singled out for retribution when the Pathet Lao takes over the Laotian government in 1975, and tens of thousands flee to Thailand seeking political asylum.
Thousands of these refugees have resettled in Western countries since the late 1970s, mostly the United States, but also in Australia, France, French Guiana, Canada, and South America.
Others have returned to Laos under United Nations-sponsored repatriation programs.
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Fan Chuo, a secretary serving a second tenure under the Jie-du (similar to the Eastern Roman thema) with headquarters located at Hanoi, is able to get his hands on the updated diplomatic and military documents of Tang China and Nanzhao, since the Hanoi thema is China’s frontier with Nanzhao, a Bai kingdom centered around present-day Yunnan in China.
He had also lived in Hanoi during his first tenure; therefore he has some firsthand information of the city, such as trades, deployments, population, etc.
As the Nanzhao army sacked the city for the first time, he had barely escaped capture by jumping into the Red River and swimming to the opposite bank.
Servimg subsequently under another Jie-du located at Guangzhou, he there compiled the first draft of Manchu (literally, barbarous document; roughly meaning the book on the southern tribes).
In 862, during a second tenure in Hanoi, he finishes the book, which is an invaluable source of Tang-Nanzhao relations and for anthropological research on the Hmong and Vietnamese during the later years of the T'ang Dynasty.
Kublai Khan demands passage through Dai Viet for his Yuan army in order to invade of the Kingdom of Champa (in modern central Viet Nam) in 128.
When the Dai Viet Emperor Tran Nhan Tông refuses, the Mongol army, led by Prince Toghan, attacks Dai Viet and captures the imperial capital Thăng Long (modern day Hanoi).
The Viet nobility retreats to the south after burning down the city, depriving the Mongol army of spoils.
Tran Hung Dao and other generals escort the royal family, staying just ahead of the Mongol army in hot pursuit.
When the Mongol army has exhausted their supplies and succumb to tropical diseases, Tran Hung Dao exploits the Mongol's weaknesses and launches counteroffensive strikes.
He manages to draw the Mongol armies into naval battles, leaving the Mongols unable to launch their overpowering cavalry effectively.
The Viet naval force's excellent marine warfare skills are a tactical advantage for the Dai Viet’s military campaign.
The Mongol cavalry commander Sogetu of the southern front is killed in the battle.
In their withdrawal from Dai Viet, the Mongols are also attacked by the Hmong and Yao minorities in the northern regions during their retreat back to Yuan China.
The Chinese seek to expand their military control and tax system over the hill peoples in southern China, beginning in the 1840s.
Lao Sung people including the Hmong and Meo begin to move into the mountainous uplands of Xiangkhoang.
The migration of these first peoples is relatively peaceful, as the peoples prefer to maintain their own communities in the upland territories, which are not farmed by the Lao Theung or Lao Loum in the area.