Igorot people
Nation | Active
2637 BCE to 2215 CE
Igorot, or Cordillerans, is the collective name of several Austronesian ethnic groups in the Philippines, who inhabit the mountains of Luzon.
These highland peoples inhabit all the six provinces of the Cordillera Administrative Region: Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Kalinga, Ifugao, and Mountain Province, as well as the adjacent provinces.
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Spain has three objectives in its policy toward the Philippines, its only colony in Asia: to acquire a share in the spice trade, to develop contacts with China and Japan in order to further Christian missionary efforts there, and to convert the Filipinos to Christianity.
Only the third objective will eventually be realized, and this not completely because of the active resistance of both the Muslims in the south and the Igorot, the upland tribal peoples in the north.
Philip II has explicitly ordered that pacification of the Philippines be bloodless, to avoid a repetition of Spain's sanguinary conquests in the Americas.
Occupation of the islands is accomplished with relatively little bloodshed, partly because most of the population (except the Muslims) offer little armed resistance initially.
Church and state are inseparably linked in carrying out Spanish policy.
The state assumes administrative responsibility—funding expenditures and selecting personnel—for the new ecclesiastical establishments.
Responsibility for conversion of the indigenous population to Christianity is assigned to several religious orders: the Dominicans, Franciscans, and Augustinians, known collectively as the friars—and to the Jesuits.
At the lower levels of colonial administration, the Spanish build on traditional village organization by co-opting the traditional local leaders, thereby ruling indirectly.
The state assumes administrative responsibility—funding expenditures and selecting personnel—for the new ecclesiastical establishments.
Responsibility for conversion of the indigenous population to Christianity is assigned to several religious orders: the Dominicans, Franciscans, and Augustinians, known collectively as the friars—and to the Jesuits.
At the lower levels of colonial administration, the Spanish build on traditional village organization by co-opting the traditional local leaders, thereby ruling indirectly.
This system of indirect rule helps create in rural areas a Filipino upper class, referred to as the principalia or the principals (principal ones).
This group has local wealth; high status and prestige; and certain privileges, such as exemption from taxes, lesser roles in the parish church, and appointment to local offices.
The principalia is larger and more influential than the preconquest nobility, and it creates and perpetuates an oligarchic system of local control.
Among the most significant and enduring changes that occurs under Spanish rule is that the Filipino idea of communal use and ownership of land is replaced with the concept of private, individual ownership and the conferring of titles on members of the principalia.
This group has local wealth; high status and prestige; and certain privileges, such as exemption from taxes, lesser roles in the parish church, and appointment to local offices.
The principalia is larger and more influential than the preconquest nobility, and it creates and perpetuates an oligarchic system of local control.
Among the most significant and enduring changes that occurs under Spanish rule is that the Filipino idea of communal use and ownership of land is replaced with the concept of private, individual ownership and the conferring of titles on members of the principalia.
Religion plays a significant role in Spain's relations with and attitudes toward the indigenous population.
The Spaniards consider conversion through baptism to be a symbol of allegiance to their authority.
Although they are interested in gaining a profit from the colony, the Spanish also recognize a responsibility to protect the property and personal rights of these new Christians.
The Spaniards consider conversion through baptism to be a symbol of allegiance to their authority.
Although they are interested in gaining a profit from the colony, the Spanish also recognize a responsibility to protect the property and personal rights of these new Christians.
The church's work of converting Filipinos is facilitated by the absence of other organized religions, except for Islam, which predominates in the south.
The missionaries have their greatest success among women and children, although the pageantry of the church has a wide appeal, reinforced by the incorporation of Filipino social customs into religious observances, for example, in the fiestas celebrating the patron saint of a local community
The eventual outcome is a new cultural community of the main Malay lowland population, from which the Muslims (known by the Spanish as Moros, or Moors) and the upland tribal peoples of Luzon remain detached and alienated.
The missionaries have their greatest success among women and children, although the pageantry of the church has a wide appeal, reinforced by the incorporation of Filipino social customs into religious observances, for example, in the fiestas celebrating the patron saint of a local community
The eventual outcome is a new cultural community of the main Malay lowland population, from which the Muslims (known by the Spanish as Moros, or Moors) and the upland tribal peoples of Luzon remain detached and alienated.
The Spanish find neither spices nor exploitable precious metals in the Philippines.
The ecology of the islands is little changed by Spanish importations and technical innovations, with the exception of corn cultivation and some extension of irrigation in order to increase rice supplies for the growing urban population.
The colony is not profitable, and a long war with the Dutch in the seventeenth century and intermittent conflict with the Moros nearly bankrupts the colonial treasury.
Annual deficits are made up by a subsidy from Mexico.
The ecology of the islands is little changed by Spanish importations and technical innovations, with the exception of corn cultivation and some extension of irrigation in order to increase rice supplies for the growing urban population.
The colony is not profitable, and a long war with the Dutch in the seventeenth century and intermittent conflict with the Moros nearly bankrupts the colonial treasury.
Annual deficits are made up by a subsidy from Mexico.
Colonial income derives mainly from entrepôt trade: the "Manila galleons" sailing from Acapulco on the west coast of Mexico bring shipments of silver bullion and minted coin that are exchanged for return cargoes of Chinese goods, mainly silk textiles.
There is no direct trade with Spain.
Failure to exploit indigenous natural resources and investment of virtually all official, private, and church capital in the galleon trade are mutually reinforcing tendencies.
Loss or capture of the galleons or Chinese junks en route to Manila represents a financial disaster for the colony.
There is no direct trade with Spain.
Failure to exploit indigenous natural resources and investment of virtually all official, private, and church capital in the galleon trade are mutually reinforcing tendencies.
Loss or capture of the galleons or Chinese junks en route to Manila represents a financial disaster for the colony.
The thriving entrepôt trade quickly attracts growing numbers of Chinese to Manila.
The Chinese, in addition to managing trade transactions, are the source of some necessary provisions and services for the capital.
The Spanish regard them with a mixture of distrust and acknowledgment of their indispensable role.
During the first decades of Spanish rule, the Chinese in Manila become more numerous than the Spanish, who try to control them with residence restrictions, periodic deportations, and actual or threatened violence that sometimes degenerates into riots and massacres of Chinese during the period between 1603 and 1762.
The Chinese, in addition to managing trade transactions, are the source of some necessary provisions and services for the capital.
The Spanish regard them with a mixture of distrust and acknowledgment of their indispensable role.
During the first decades of Spanish rule, the Chinese in Manila become more numerous than the Spanish, who try to control them with residence restrictions, periodic deportations, and actual or threatened violence that sometimes degenerates into riots and massacres of Chinese during the period between 1603 and 1762.
Spain becomes involved in the Seven Years' War (1756-63) on the side of France against Britain in 1762; in October of this year, forces of the British East India Company capture Manila after fierce fighting.
Spanish resistance continues under Lieutenant Governor Simón de Anda, based at Bacolor in Pampanga Province, and Manila is returned to the Spanish in May 1764 in conformity with the Treaty of Paris, which formally ends the war.
The British occupation nonetheless marks, in a very significant sense, the beginning of the end of the old order in the Philippines.
Spanish resistance continues under Lieutenant Governor Simón de Anda, based at Bacolor in Pampanga Province, and Manila is returned to the Spanish in May 1764 in conformity with the Treaty of Paris, which formally ends the war.
The British occupation nonetheless marks, in a very significant sense, the beginning of the end of the old order in the Philippines.
Spanish prestige suffers irreparable damage because of the defeat at British hands.
A number of rebellions break out, of which the most notable is that of Diego Silang in the Ilocos area of northern Luzon.
In December 1762, Silang expels the Spanish from the coastal city of Vigan and sets up an independent government.
He establishes friendly relations with the British and is able to repulse Spanish attacks on Vigan, but he is assassinated in May 1763.
The Spanish, tied down by fighting with the British and the rebels, are unable to control the raids of the Moros of the south on the Christian communities of the Visayan Islands and Luzon.
Thousands of Christian Filipinos are captured as slaves, and Moro raids continue to be a serious problem through the remainder of the century.
The Chinese community, resentful of Spanish discrimination, for the most part enthusiastically supports the British, providing them with laborers and armed men who fight de Anda in Pampanga.
A number of rebellions break out, of which the most notable is that of Diego Silang in the Ilocos area of northern Luzon.
In December 1762, Silang expels the Spanish from the coastal city of Vigan and sets up an independent government.
He establishes friendly relations with the British and is able to repulse Spanish attacks on Vigan, but he is assassinated in May 1763.
The Spanish, tied down by fighting with the British and the rebels, are unable to control the raids of the Moros of the south on the Christian communities of the Visayan Islands and Luzon.
Thousands of Christian Filipinos are captured as slaves, and Moro raids continue to be a serious problem through the remainder of the century.
The Chinese community, resentful of Spanish discrimination, for the most part enthusiastically supports the British, providing them with laborers and armed men who fight de Anda in Pampanga.
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