Kankalis
Nation | Defunct
532 CE to 1259 CE
Kankalis, Qanqlis, Kangars or Kangly (Kanglı) are a Turkic people of Eurasia.
They are three ruling clans of Pechenegs.
They first appear on history as minor branch of ancient Oghuz Turks.
They form one of the five sections winto hich Oghuz khan divides his subjects.
After the fall of Pecheneg Khanate in early 10th century, the role of Kankali Turks becomes prominent.
They are closely related to Kypchaks.They may have been a separate nomadic people earlier but the Turkic peoples in the Pontic-Steppe become assimilated to each other by the 13th century.Many Kankali warriors join the Khwarezmid Empire in the 11th century.
They suffer heavy losses from Genghis Khan in 1219-1223.
For example, Kankalis in Bukhara who sre higher than a wagon wheel are all slain.
Jochi subdues their relations who still live along the land of Kyrghyz and Kipchak steppes in 1225.
Khwarizmi Kankali remnants submit to Great Khan Ögedei after the long resistance under Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu against his general Chormaqan and governor Chin-temur.
After the Mongol conquest, the remaining Kankalis ware absorbed into other Turks and Mongols.
Some of them who serve in the Yuan Dynasty become Kharchins.There are Kankali clans among the Kazakhs, the Uzbegs, the Nogais and the Karakalpaks.
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The Yagma people (a branch of the Toquz Oghuz, the later Uyghur) occupy the southern part of Zhetysu; they also hold Kashgar.
…the region known historically as Zhetysu (Kazakh: meaning "seven waters"), which corresponds to the southeastern part of modern Kazakhstan, owes its name, to the rivers that flow from the southeast into Lake Balkhash.
The Karluk tribes, after overrunning the Turgesh in Zhetysu, in 766 form a Khanate under the rule of a Yabgu, occupy Suyab, and transfer their capital there.
The bulk of the tribe has left the Altai by this time, and the supremacy in Zhetysu passes to the Karluks.
Most of Turkestan (former Onuq territory) comes under Karluk rule, except in the region west of the Aral Sea, where the Oghuz Turks will soon form a loose confederation.
The Karluks, who are hunters, nomadic herdsmen, and agriculturists, settle in the countryside and in the cities, which are centered around trading posts along the caravan roads.
The Karluks have inherited a vast multiethnic region, whose diverse population is not much different from its rulers.
Zhetysu is populated by the Turgesh, who are divided into two tribes, the Tukhshi and the Azes mentioned in the Orkhon inscriptions, the remnants of the Oghuz Turks whose main body had moved to the west, becoming the Shato Turks (i.e.
"Steppe Turks"), and interspersed with the Sogdian colonies.
In the north and west live the Kankalis.
A separate significant division of the Karluks are the Chigils, a tribe that had detached from the Karluk.
They reside around Issyk Kul.
The diverse population adheres to a spectrum of religious beliefs.
The Karluks and the majority of the Turkic population profess Tengrianism, considered as shamanism and heathen by the Christians and Muslims.
Chigils are Christians of the Nestorian denomination.
The majority of the Toquz Oghuz, with their khan, are Manicheans, but there are also Christians, Buddhists, and Muslims among them.
The peaceful penetration of Muslim culture through commercial relations plays a far more important role in their conversion than Muslim arms.
The merchants are followed by missionaries of various creeds, including Nestorian Christians.
Many Turkestan towns have Christian churches.
The Turks hold sacred the Qastek pass mountains, believing to be an abode of the deity.
Each creed carries its script, including Türkic runiform, Sogdian, Syriac, and later the Uyghur.
The Kara-Khitans rule from their capital at Balasagun (in today's Kyrgyzstan), directly controlling the central region of the empire.
The rest of their empire consists of highly autonomous vassalized states, primarily Khwarezm, the Karluks, the Kara-Khoja Kingdom of the Uyghurs, the Qanglï, and the Western, Eastern, and Fergana Kara-Khanids.
The late-arriving Naimans have also become vassals.
The Khitan rulers adopt many administrative elements from the Liao Dynasty, including the use of Confucian administration and imperial trappings.
The empire also adopts the title of Gurkhan (universal Khan).
The Khitans use the Chinese calendar, maintain Chinese imperial and administrative titles, give its emperors reign names, use Chinese-style coins, and send imperial seals to its vassals.
Although most of its administrative titles are derived from Chinese, the empire also adopts local administrative titles, such as tayangyu (Turkic) and vizier.
The Khitans maintain their old customs, even in Central Asia.
They remain nomads, adhere to their traditional dress, and maintain the religious practices followed by the Liao Dynasty Khitans.
The ruling elite tries to maintain the traditional marriages between the Yelü king clan and the Xiao queen clan, and are highly reluctant to allow their princesses to marry outsiders.
The Kara-Khitai Khitans follow a mix of Buddhism and traditional Khitan religion, which includes fire worship and tribal customs, such as the tradition of sacrificing a gray ox with a white horse.
In an innovation unique to the Kara-Khitai, the Khitans pay their soldiers a salary.
The empire rules over a diverse population that is quite different from its rulers.
The majority of the population is sedentary, although the population suddenly becomes more nomadic during the end of the empire, due to the influx of Naimans.
The majority of their subjects are Muslims, although a significant minority practices Buddhism and Nestorianism.
Although Chinese and Khitan are the primary languages of administration, the empire also administers in Persian and Uyghur.
The shah of Khwarezm had fled after the Battle of Khojend, and the Mongols have pursued him to a Khwarizmian defensive line established near Bukhara in the region of present central Uzbekistan.
Arranging ten Mongol cavalry divisions into four columns, Genghis Khan has three of them converge to collapse the shah’s right (southern) flank near the city of Samarkand, while he personally leads the forty-thousand-man fourth column against the rear flank, approaching Bukhara from the west.
The shah abandons Bukhara to concentrate on the larger force, enabling the Mongols, after a brief siege, to capture and sack the city.
According to Juvaini, when Genghis Khan conquered Bukhara "he contented himself with looting and slaughter only once and did not go to the extreme of a general massacre" as he did in Khorasan, although most of the city accidentally burns.
He chooses a moderate path between mercy and punishment because the population readily submits while the garrison in the citadel resists.
Although he spares most adults, Genghis Khan kills thirty thousand Kankali Turks who are "taller than the butt of a whip" on account of their loyalty to Sultan Muhammud, then conscripts all remaining able-bodied men into service.
What the Rus' feared would happen does not as the Mongols pursue the Prince of Galich and plunder a few towns in the south before turning around.
The Mongol army crosses the Volga River near modern-day Volgograd and …
…passes through Volga Bulgaria, where they are defeated in an ambush by the Bulgars.
The Mongol army encounters the Bulgars in another battle in which they route the Bulgars, then follow this up by attacking the Kankali Cumans, who had supported their fellow Cumans in the Caucasus a year before.
They fight against the Cuman army near the Ural Mountains, defeating and killing the Khan before making them pay tribute.
Following this victory, the Mongols had turned east to meet Genghis Khan and the rest of the Mongol army in the steppes to the east of the Syr Darya River.
The importance of the expedition is immense.
The expedition is history's longest cavalry raid, with the Mongols riding fifty-five hundred miles (eight thousand nine hundred kilometers) in three years.
Subutai also stations numerous spies in Russia, who will provide frequent reports on what is happening in Europe and Russia.
Most of Central Asia continues to be dominated by the successor Chagatai Khanate after Genghis Khan dies in 1227.