Kumo Xi
Nation | Defunct
207 CE to 1007 CE
The Kumo Xi (called the Xi since the Sui dynasty (581-618) are a Mongolic steppe people located in current Manchuria (northeast China) from 207 to 907 CE.
After the death of their ancestor Tadun in 207 they are no longer called Wuhuan but join the Khitan Xianbei in submitting to the Yuwen Xianbei.
Their history is widely linked to the more famous Khitan.
During their history, the Kumo Xi engages in conflict with numerous Chinese dynasties and with the Khitans, eventually suffering a series of disastrous defeats to Chinese armies and coming under the domination of the Khitans.
In 1007, the Kumo Xi are completely assimilated into the Khitan Liao Dynasty.
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Xueyantuo has meanwhile largely taken over the Eastern Turkic Khaganate's former territory, with most of Eastern Turkic Khaganate's former vassals submitting to it.
Yi'nan remains nominally submissive to Tang, remaining formally respectful to Emperor Taizong, while at the same time trying to affirm Xueyantuo's control over the region.
Former Eastern Turkic Khaganate's vassals Khitan, Xí, and Xĩ tribes directly submit to Tang, as does the city kingdom of Yiwu.
It is not known when An Lushan's son An Renzhi was born, although he was said to be not yet twenty when Emperor Xuanzong gave him the mostly honorary title of minister of vassal affairs, likely in 751.
He is An Lushan's second son, and his mother is An Lushan's first wife Lady Kang.
At some point, Emperor Xuanzong had given him the name of Qingxu.
The first definitive historical references to him were in 752, when, in a defeat that An Lushan suffered against the Xi, An Lushan was said to have fallen into a hole and was only saved through the effort of An Qingxu and others.
Also that year, when An Lushan's close associate Ji Wen went to meet An Lushan before departing for the Tang capital Chang'an, it was An Qingxu that An Lushan sent to accompany Ji to the borders of his territory.
When An Lushan rebelled at his post at Fanyang Circuit (headquartered in modern Beijing) in 755, An Qingxu was apparently with his father and accompanied his father south.
In response to An Lushan's rebellion, An Qingxu's mother Lady Kang and older brother An Qingzong, then at Chang'an, were executed, and after An Lushan captures Chenliu Prefecture (roughly modern Kaifeng, Henan), it is An Qingxu who realizes that An Qingzong had been executed and who tearfully informs his father, sending his father into a rage in which he executes the Tang soldiers who had surrendered to him at Chenliu.