The Renaissance, a period of vigorous revival of the arts and culture, originates in Italy thanks to a number of factors, as the great wealth accumulated by merchant cities, the patronage of its dominant families, and the migration of Greek scholars and texts to Italy following the Conquest of Constantinople at the hands of the Ottoman Turks.

The Italian Renaissance peaks in the mid-sixteenth century as foreign invasions plunge the region into the turmoil of the Italian Wars.

Southern Italy has developed through a complex series of events as a unified kingdom, first under the House of Hohenstaufen, then under the Capetian House of Anjou and, from the fifteenth century, the House of Aragon.

Northern-central Italy in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries is divided into a number of warring city-states, the rest of the peninsula being occupied by the larger Papal States and the Kingdom of Sicily, referred to here as Naples.

Though many of these city-states are often formally subordinate to foreign rulers, as in the case of the Duchy of Milan, which is officially a constituent state of the mainly Germanic Holy Roman Empire, the city-states generally manage to maintain de facto independence from the foreign sovereigns that had seized Italian lands following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire.

The strongest among these city-states gradually absorbs the surrounding territories, giving birth to the Signorie, regional states often led by merchant families that found local dynasties.

War between the city-states is endemic, and primarily fought by armies of mercenaries known as condottieri, bands of soldiers drawn from around Europe, especially Germany and Switzerland, led largely by Italian captains.

Decades of fighting eventually see Florence, Milan and Venice emerge as the dominant players who agree to the Peace of Lodi in 1454, which sees relative calm brought to the region for the first time in centuries.

This peace will hold for the next forty years.

The Italian Wars, often referred to as the Great Italian Wars or the Great Wars of Italy in historical works, are a series of conflicts from 1494 to 1559 that involves, at various times, most of the city-states of Italy, the Papal States, all the major states of western Europe (France, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, England, Scotland) as well as the Ottoman Empire.

Originally arising from dynastic disputes over the Duchy of Milan and the Kingdom of Naples, the wars rapidly become a general struggle for power and territory among their various participants, and are marked with an increasing degree of alliances, counter-alliances, and regular betrayals.

The First Italian War, sometimes referred to as the Italian War of 1494 or Charles VIII's Italian War, is the opening phase of the Italian Wars.

The war pits Charles VIII of France, who has initial Milanese aid, against the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, and an alliance of Italian powers led by Pope Alexander VI.

The Second Italian War, sometimes known as Louis XII's Italian War or the War over Naples, is fought primarily by Louis XII of France and Ferdinand I of Spain, with the participation of several Italian powers.

In the aftermath of the First Italian War, Louis is determined to press his claim on the thrones of Milan and Naples.

The Venetians, worn down by Ottoman Turk assaults, evacuate Durrës in 1501.

The defeats trigger a great exodus of Albanian refugees, most of whom belong to the Orthodox Church, to southern Italy, especially to the kingdom of Naples, as well as to Sicily, Greece, Wallachia, and Egypt.

The Spanish expulsions of the Jews in Sicily and the south of the peninsula Italy begin in 1504.

The centers of the Jewish communities here—Palermo, …

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