Podolia, Ottoman eyalet of
Substate | Defunct
1674 CE to 1699 CE
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The Ottoman Empire is a world power when Suleyman dies in 1566.
Most of the great cities of Islam—Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem, Damascus, Cairo, Tunis, and Baghdad— are under the sultan's crescent flag.
The Porte exercises direct control over Anatolia, the sub-Danubian Balkan provinces, Syria, Palestine, and Mesopotamia.
Egypt, Mecca, and the North African provinces are governed under special regulations, as are satellite domains in Arabia and the Caucasus, and among the Crimean Tartars.
In addition, the native rulers of Wallachia, Moldavia, Transylvania, and Ragusa (Dubrovnik) are vassals of the sultan.
The siege of Vienna had been the high-water mark of Ottoman expansion in Europe, and its failure has opened Hungary to reconquest by the European powers.
In a ruinous sixteen-year war, Russia and the Holy League—composed of Austria, Poland, and Venice, and organized under the aegis of the pope—finally drive the Ottomans south of the Danube and east of the Carpathians.
Under the terms of the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699, the first in which the Ottomans acknowledge defeat, Hungary, Transylvania, and Croatia are formally relinquished to Austria.
Poland recovers Podolia, and Dalmatia and the Morea are ceded to Venice.
Russia receives the Azov region in a separate peace the next year.
Effective control of the government passes under Sultan Ahmed III (r. 1703-30) to the military leaders.
His reign is referred to as the "tulip period" because of the popularity of tulip cultivation in Istanbul during these years.
Russia's main objective in the region subsequently is to win access to warm-water ports on the Black Sea, then to obtain an opening to the Mediterranean through the Ottoman-controlled Bosporus and Dardanelles straits.
Despite territorial gains at Ottoman expense, however, Russia is unable to achieve these goals, and the Black Sea remains for the time an "Ottoman lake" on which Russian warships are prohibited.