Togoland (Protectorate of Germany)

Togoland, a German Empire protectorate in West Africa, is established towards the end of the period of European colonization in Africa generally known as the "Scramble for Africa".

Two separate protectorates are established in 1884.

In February 1884, the chiefs of the town of Aného are kidnapped by German soldiers and forced to sign a treaty of protection.

In the Lomé region, the German explorer, medical doctor, imperial consul and commissioner for West Africa Gustav Nachtigal is the driving force toward the establishment of the West African colonies of Togoland as well as Kamerun.

From his base on the Spanish island possession Fernando Po in the Bight of Biafra, he travels extensively on the mainland of Africa.

On July 5, 1884, Nachtigal signs a treaty with the local chief, Mlapa III, in which he declares a German protectorate over a stretch of territory along the Slave Coast on the Bight of Benin.

With the small gunboat SMS Möwe at anchor, the imperial flag is raised for the first time on the African continent.

Consul Heinrich Ludwig Randad, Jr., resident agent of the firm C. Goedelts at Ouidah, is appointed as the first commissioner for the territory.

The German colony of Togoland is established towards the end of the period of European colonization in Africa generally known as the "Scramble for Africa".

Gustav Nachtigal, the German explorer, medical doctor, imperial consul and commissioner for West Africa, is the driving force toward the establishment of the West African colonies of Togoland and Kamerun.

From his base on the Spanish island possession Fernando Po in the Bight of Biafra he travels extensively on the mainland of Africa.

Nachtigal signs a treaty on July 5, 1884, with the local chief, Mlapa III, in which he declares a German protectorate over a stretch of territory along the Slave Coast on the Bight of Benin.

With the small gunboat SMS Möwe at anchor, the imperial flag is raised for the first time on the African continent.

Consul Heinrich Ludwig Randad, Jr., resident agent of the firm C. Goedelts at Widah, is appointed as the first commissioner for the territory.

Germany gradually extends its control of Togoland inland.

The Polizeitruppe, organized in 1888 with twenty-five Hausa infantry, is used to enforce colonial authority over the hinterland of Togo.

Expanded to one hundree=d and forty-four members in 1894, it conducts operations against Kpandu, and "a number of towns in central Togo which had resisted the government were attacked and razed to the ground, the property of the inhabitants confiscated and the people fined sums ranging from 200 marks to 1,110 marks." (Amenumey, D. E. K. German Administration in Southern Togo. The Journal of African History 10, No. 4 (1969), pp. 623–639.)

Over the remainder of the decade, an additional thirty-five expeditions are authorized by the colonial government.

Colonial administrators and settlers bring scientific cultivation to the country's main export crops (cacao, coffee, cotton).

The total number of German officials in the colony is only twelve in 1890; by 1895 the capital Lomé has a population of thirty-one Germans and two thousand and eighty-four natives.

Germany and Great Britain trade territory in the Samoan Islands for the Northern Solomon Islands and control in Tonga in 1899, using the Togoland Neutral Zone (Yendi) and the Volta Triangle as bargaining chips.

Britain cedes the Heligoland islands (in the German Bight) to Germany, in return for protectorates over Wituland and the Sultanate of Zanzibar (the islands of Pemba and Unguja) in east Africa, by the terms of the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty signed on July 1, 1890.

Germany thus gains the small but strategic Heligoland archipelago, which its new navy needs to control the new Kiel Canal and the approaches to Germany's North Sea ports.

In exchange, Germany gives up its rights in the Zanzibar region in Africa, allowing Zanzibar to provide a key link in the British control of East Africa.
 
Germany gains the islands of Heligoland (German: Helgoland) in the North Sea, originally part of Danish Holstein-Gottorp but since 1814 a British possession, the so-called Caprivi Strip in what is now Namibia, and a free hand to control and acquire the coast of Dar es Salaam that will form the core of German East Africa (later Tanganyika, now the mainland component of Tanzania).

In exchange, Germany hands over to Britain the protectorate over the small sultanate of Wituland (Deutsch-Witu, on the Kenyan coast) and parts of East Africa vital for the British to build a railway to Lake Victoria, and pledges not to interfere with British actions vis-à-vis the independent Sultanate of Zanzibar (i.e. the islands of Unguja and Pemba)

In addition, the treaty establishes the German sphere of interest in German South West Africa (most of present-day Namibia) and settles the borders between German Togoland and the British Gold Coast (now Ghana), as well as between German Kamerun and British Nigeria.

Britain thereby divests itself of a naval base that covers the approaches to the main German naval bases in the North Sea, but which will be impossible to defend as Germany builds up its navy.

It immediately declares a protectorate over Zanzibar and, in the subsequent 1896 Anglo-Zanzibar War, will gain full control of the sultanate.

The treaty serves German chancellor Leo von Caprivi's aims for settlement with the British.

After the 1884 Berlin Conference, Germany had already lost the "Scramble for Africa": the German East Africa Company under Carl Peters had acquired a strip of land on the Tanganyikan coast (leading to the 1888 Abushiri Revolt), but had never had any control over the islands of the Zanzibar sultanate; the Germans give away no vital interest.

In return, they acquire Heligoland, strategically placed for control over the German Bight, which, with the construction of the Kiel Canal from 1887 onward, has become essential to Emperor Wilhelm's II plans for expansion of the Imperial Navy.

Wilhelm's naval policies abort  an accommodation with the British and will ultimately lead to a rapprochement between Britain and France, sealed with the Entente cordiale in 1904.

The misleading name for the treaty will be introduced by ex-Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, who intends to attack his despised successor Caprivi for concluding an agreement that Bismarck himself had arranged during his incumbency.

However, Bismarck's nomenclature implies that Germany has swapped an African empire for tiny Heligoland ("trousers for a button").

This will be eagerly adopted by imperialists, who will complain about "treason" against German interests.

Carl Peters and Alfred Hugenberg will appeal for the foundation of the Alldeutscher Verband ("Pan-German League"), which will take place in 1891.