Hussain Hotak
Emir of Afghanistan
1698 CE to 1738 CE
Shah Hussain Hotak, son of Mirwais Hotak, is the fifth and final ruler of the Hotaki dynasty.
An ethnic Pashtun (Afghan) from the Ghilzai tribe, he succeeds to the throne after the death of his brother Mahmud Hotak in 1725.
While his cousin Ashraf rules Greater Persia from Isfahan, Hussain rules the Afghanistan region from Kandahar.
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Shah Ashraf repels both the Russian and Turkish attacks, but a brigand chief, Nader Qoli Beg, defeats the Afghans at Damghan in October 1729 and expels them from Persia.
Ashraf is murdered during the retreat, probably on orders from his cousin, who holds the city of Qandahar.
...again at Damghan in October 1729, driving them from Persia.
Ashraf is murdered during the retreat, probably on orders from his cousin, who is now holding Qandahar.
The reign of Ottoman Sultan Ahmed III (1703-1736) is sometimes known as the Tulip Age (Lâle Devri) because of the popularity of this flower in Constantinople in the early 18th century.
With Ahmed's encouragement, art and literature has flourished during this time.
News of successful police actions by Nadr to rid Persian territories of the Turkish occupiers sparks a popular uprising in Istanbul led by Patrona Halil, a Turkish bath waiter.
The rebels strangle the Ottoman grand vizier, the chief admiral, and other senior officials; they also force the abdication (but not the execution) of Ahmed III and the enthronement of his nephew, Mahmud I (1696-1754), on October 1, 1730.
This is the only Turkish rising not originating in the army.
Patrona Halil is assassinated soon after.
Despite the success of Persia's Nadr Khan in forcing Turkish squatters out of many Persian territories, the Ottoman Empire's elite corps, the Janissaries, have not been called into action; unemployed, they are also unpaid.
When the Persian police action spills over into Ottoman territory to spark a formal conflict, the Janissaries delay involvement for two months by supporting a rebellion among twelve thousand Albanian troops.
Nadr continues operations against the Afghans until they are finally routed and expelled from Iran in 1730.
After Nadr has cleared the country of Afghans, Tahmasp makes him governor of a large area of eastern Iran.
Subsequently, many Afghani soldiers join Nader's army.
Nadr has consolidated his hold over eastern Iran by 1731.
Qandahar falls to the newly-elected Nader Shah's eighty thousand-man army in 1738 after a year's siege.