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The Mughal emperor had extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal in 1634, and in 1717 will completely waive customs duties for their trade.
The East India Company's mainstay businesses are by this time cotton, silk, indigo dye, saltpeter, and tea.
The East India Company's mainstay businesses are by this time cotton, silk, indigo dye, saltpeter, and tea.
The Dutch are aggressive competitors of the English and have meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the Straits of Malacca by ousting the Portuguese in 1640–41.
With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region, the EIC and VOC enter a period of intense competition, resulting in the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
In 1657, Oliver Cromwell had renewed the charter of 1609, and brought about minor changes in the holding of the company.
The restoration of monarchy in England further enhances the EIC's status.
In an act aimed at strengthening the power of the EIC, King Charles II grants the EIC (in a series of five acts around 1670) the rights to autonomous territorial acquisitions, to mint money, to command fortresses and troops and form alliances, to make war and peace, and to exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the acquired areas.
With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region, the EIC and VOC enter a period of intense competition, resulting in the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
In 1657, Oliver Cromwell had renewed the charter of 1609, and brought about minor changes in the holding of the company.
The restoration of monarchy in England further enhances the EIC's status.
In an act aimed at strengthening the power of the EIC, King Charles II grants the EIC (in a series of five acts around 1670) the rights to autonomous territorial acquisitions, to mint money, to command fortresses and troops and form alliances, to make war and peace, and to exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the acquired areas.
The East India Company sends William Hedges to Shaista Khan, the Mughal governor of Bengal, in 1682 to obtain a firman, an imperial directive that will grant England regular trading privileges throughout the Mughal Empire.
However, the company's governor in London, Sir Josiah Child, interferes with Hedges's mission, causing Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb to break off the negotiations.
However, the company's governor in London, Sir Josiah Child, interferes with Hedges's mission, causing Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb to break off the negotiations.
A Mughal fleet commanded by Sidi Yaqub attacks Bombay in 1689.
After a year of resistance the East India Company garison surrenders in 1690, and the company sends envoys to Aurangzeb's camp to plead for a pardon.
The company's envoys have to prostrate themselves before the emperor, pay a large indemnity, and promise better behavior in the future.
The emperor withdraws his troops and the company subsequently re-establishes itself in Bombay and sets up a new base in Calcutta.
The company will eventually come to rule large areas of the Indian subcontinent with its private armies, primarily composed of Indian sepoys, exercising military power and assuming administrative functions.
After a year of resistance the East India Company garison surrenders in 1690, and the company sends envoys to Aurangzeb's camp to plead for a pardon.
The company's envoys have to prostrate themselves before the emperor, pay a large indemnity, and promise better behavior in the future.
The emperor withdraws his troops and the company subsequently re-establishes itself in Bombay and sets up a new base in Calcutta.
The company will eventually come to rule large areas of the Indian subcontinent with its private armies, primarily composed of Indian sepoys, exercising military power and assuming administrative functions.
An unknown English glassworker in 1720 apparently first prepares crude hydrofluoric acid, a highly toxic and corrosive solution of hydrogen fluoride in water.
French chemist Hilaire Rouelle, investigating urine, discovers urea.
The nitrogen-containing chemical product is today synthesized on a scale of some one hundred million tons per year worldwide, more than ninety percent of it destined for use as a fertilizer.
Borax, the most commercially important compound of boron, becomes relatively common in the mid-nineteenth century, when vast deposits of borates are discovered in the Mojave Desert.