The Allied powers launch an unsuccessful military…

The Allied powers launch an unsuccessful military intervention in support of anti-communist forces.

In the meantime, both the Bolsheviks and White movement carry out campaigns of deportations and executions against each other, known respectively as the Red Terror and White Terror.

By the end of the violent civil war, Russia's economy and infrastructure are heavily damaged, and as many as ten million perish during the war, mostly civilians.

Millions become White émigrés, and the Russian famine of 1921–1922 claims up to five million victims.