Aretino, since settling in Venice in 1527,…

Government authority under five-year-old Ratsadathirat proves to be weak.

Only five months after his nephew's ascension, Chairacha marches to Ayutthaya to stage a coup, kills his nephew, and takes the throne of Ayutthaya in 1534.

The new ruler appoints his brother Prince Tianracha (later Maha Chakkrapat) as the Uparaja but does not grant him the traditional title of King of Sukhothai, as Chairacha is trying to unite the two kingdoms by reducing the power of Sukhothai nobles.

He also calls the Sukhothai nobles to Ayutthaya to move them from their base at Pitsanulok and make Ayutthaya the sole center of authority.

The first important decision taken by the young Burmese king comes around April 1534, when an affair between Tabinshwehti's half-sister Thakin Gyi and his right-hand man Ye Htut is discovered.

The affair under Burmese law constitutes an act of treason.

Ye Htut, for his part, spurns suggestions of mutiny and submits to arrest, saying that although it is no crime to for a young man to love a young woman, it is an unpardonable crime for a soldier to break his oath of allegiance.

Tabinshwehti deliberates at length with his ministers, and finally concludes that Ye Htut should be given his sister in marriage, and a princely title of Kyawhtin Nawrahta.

With this decision, Tabinshwehti wins the unquestioning loyalty of his new brother-in-law.

Meanwhile, war has arrived uncomfortably close to his realm.

In late 1532, the Confederation of Shan States, already ruling much of Upper Burma, had attacked its erstwhile ally Prome, and sacked the city.

Although the Confederation is content to keep Prome as a vassal, the Toungoo leadership is concerned that their city—east of Prome on the same latitude, separated only by the Pegu Yoma (Bago Yoma) range—is an obvious target for attack.

Toungoo does have some advantages: nestled behind the Pegu Yoma range, the city is difficult to access from Ava, in contrast to the much more easily Prome on the Irrawaddy.

Moreover, the Toungoo principality, swollen as it is with refugees from Ava, commands considerably more manpower than its traditional base would have allowed.

Nevertheless, the Toungoo leadership decides that their kingdom must act decisively to avoid incorporation by the Confederation.

Fortunately for Toungoo, the Confederation is distracted by the leadership change after the assassination of Sawlon of Mohnyin, its principal leader, in 1533.

Breaking completely in late 1534 from his father's longstanding policy, Tabinshwehti decides to break out of his increasingly narrow realm by attacking the Hanthawaddy Kingdom to the south.

Though the Burmese chronicles attribute the audacious decision to the king alone, the eighteen-year-old king was more probably persuaded by older more experienced ministers at the court, who may have also played a major role in the initial campaigns.

Over the next sixteen years, Tabinshwehti, along with his deputy Kyawhtin Nawrahta (later Bayinnaung; lit.

"King's Elder Brother") will go on to unite many of the petty kingdoms that had existed since the fall of the Pagan Empire in 1287.

The brother of the late Grand Duke Vasily III, suspected of duplicity by Vasily’s widow, the regent Yelena Glinskaya, flees Moscow for refuge at the court of Poland’s King Sigismund, but is intercepted and jailed for treason.

Sigismund, assembling a powerful army, wages inconclusive war with the Russians, who are able to quell insurrections fomented by the Poles and Lithuanians.

The Danish rigsraad, although dominated by Roman Catholic nobles, elects as their king Duke Christian of Holstein, a zealous Protestant and the eldest son of the late King Frederick of Denmark and Norway.

Christian, opposed by half of Denmark, takes the throne as King Christian III in 1534 .

The forces of Count Christopher of Oldenburg, from 15333 waging the the so-called Count’s War against Danish king Christian III, invade and plunder Holstein, blockade and capture Copenhagen, and later take Zealand …

…Malmö, and Skane.

Ibrahim Pasha, commanding the Ottoman army at the outbreak of war with Safavid Persia, occupies Van and …

…Tabriz in August 1534, establishing a new Ottoman province at Erzurum, then…

…seizes Mosul, the chief city of northern Mesopotamia since the eighth century CE.

Suleiman establishes a new Ottoman province at Erzurum.