Arran has meanwhile become a Catholic and joined the pro-French faction, consenting to the marriage of the Queen to the French Dauphin, later Francis II of France.

Beaton regains power after Arran changes sides, becoming chancellor and virtual ruler of Scotland.

He blocks the proposed marriage of Mary Stewart to the future king Edward VI of England, thus frustrating Henry's design for the subjugation of Scotland.

The Parliament of Scotland in December rejects the Treaty of Greenwich.

Scotland's rejection of the treaty and its pursuit of a French Alliance lead to the Rough Wooing (a term only coined many years later by Sir Walter Scott), Henry VIII's attempt to impose his matrimonial policy by force, which is to last until the Treaty of Norham in 1551.

Two English invasions follow—and for these many blame Beaton.