Immigration to Angola in the late nineteenth…

Immigration to Angola in the late nineteenth century is discouraged by the same conditions that had deterred it earlier: a difficult climate and a lack of economic development.

Although there are fewer than ten thousand whites in Angola in 1900 (most of whom are degredados), there is a substantial increase in white female immigration; the male-to-female ratio that year will be a bit more than two to one.

Concomitantly, there has been a drop in the ratio of mestizos to whites; whereas mestizos had outnumbered whites in 1845 by more than three to one, in 1900 this ratio will be reversed.

Africans will still constitute more than ninety-nine percent of the population in 1900.

Their numbers have reportedly declined from an estimated five point four million in 1845 to about four point eight million in 1900, although scholars dispute these figures.

Whites ware concentrated in the coastal cities of Luanda and Benguela.

In addition to farming and fishing, Europeans engage n merchant activities in the towns and trade in the bush.

In the south, colonies of farmers who had settled earlier in the century have dwindled into small outposts, as many settlers return to Luanda.