Augustus, as part of his ongoing effort to increase the Roman populace, passes the Lex Papia Poppaea in CE 9, promoting large families.

It includes provisions against adultery and celibacy and complements and supplements Augustus' Lex Julia de Maritandis Ordinibus of 18 BCE and the Lex Iulia de Adulteriis Coercendis of 17 BCE.

The law is introduced by the suffect consuls of this year, M. Papius Mutilus and Q. Poppaeus Secundus, although they themselves are unmarried.

The rebellion in the Balkans has only just been completed when Arminius raises the Germans against their Roman governor Varus and destroys him and his three legions.

As Augustus cannot readily replace the troops, the annexation of western Germany and Bohemia is postponed indefinitely; Tiberius and Germanicus are sent to consolidate the Rhine frontier.