Challenges to the Abbasids are not long…

Lahore appears as the capital of the Punjab for the first time under Anandapala—the Hindu Shahi king who is referred to as the ruler of (hakim i lahur)—after leaving the earlier capital of Waihind.

Few references to Lahore remain from before its capture by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni in the eleventh century.

The sultan takes Lahore after a long siege and battle in which the city is torched and depopulated.

Sultan Mahmud appoints Malik Ayaz to the throne of Lahore in 1021 and makes the city the capital of the Ghaznavid Empire.

As the first Muslim governor of Lahore, Ayaz begins rebuilding and repopulating the city.

Institutionalized prostitution has been extant in India since classical Hindu times—lay prostitutes are a recognized caste.

As the Koran forbids prostitution, the Muslim invasions of India result in official pronouncements against both secular and sacred prostitution.

Actual practices under Muslim rule, however, do little to discourage it; temple prostitution, in which girls are dedicated to a deity, continues.

Lahore appears as the capital of the Punjab for the first time under Anandapala—the Hindu Shahi king who is referred to as the ruler of (hakim i lahur)—after leaving the earlier capital of Waihind.

Few references to Lahore remain from before its capture by Sultan Mahmud of Ghaznavi in the eleventh century.

The sultan had taken Lahore after a long siege and battle in which the city had been torched and depopulated.

In 1021, Sultan Mahmud had appointed Malik Ayaz to the throne and made Lahore the capital of the Ghaznavid Empire.

As the first Muslim governor of Lahore, Ayaz has rebuilt and repopulated the city.

He has added many important features, such as city gates and a masonry fort, built in 1037–1040 on the ruins of the previous one, which had been demolished in the fighting.

The present Lahore Fort stands on the same location.

Under Ayaz's rule, the city has become a cultural and academic center, renowned for poetry.

The tomb of Malik Ayaz can still be seen in the city’s Rang Mahal commercial area.

The Muslim Ghaznavids from Afghanistan move their imperial capital east from Ghazni to …

…Lahore in 1163.

Muhammad, advancing into the Punjab, captures Lahore in 1185.

The Ghurids have destroyed the remnants of Ghaznavid power in the northwest by 1186 and are in a favorable military position to move against the North Indian Rajput powers.

After suffering a severe defeat at the hands of the Caulukya army of Gujarat, Muhammad of Ghur turns to the northern route through the Khyber Pass.

Victory in the second battle of Tarain consolidates Muhammad's success, and he leaves his general Qutb-ud-Din Aybak in charge of his Indian possessions.

Muhammad takes the whole of Punjab in 1187, thus completing the Ghurid conquest of the Ghaznavid empire in India and driving the Ghaznavids east into the Bihar and Bengal regions.

India’s Hindu population, regarded by the Muslim minority, after extensive plundering, as docile, do not rebel against the Ghorids, despite the overbearing rule of Sultan Muhammad Ghori, possibly because Muslim émigrés bring rumors of Mongol fighting in Persia.

Muhammad is assassinated, however, in Lahore in 1206.

(The historians Hasan Nizami and Ferishta record the killing of Ghori at the hands of the Gakhars, a Punjabi tribe.

However, Ferishta is known to have often confused them with the Khokhars, a Rajput clan, and other historians have alluded the killing to a band of Hindu Khokhars of the Salt Range, as many campaigns had been undertaken against the Khokhars by Ghori in the Punjab.)

Ghori reportedly had trained thousands of Turkic slaves in the art of warfare and administration.

Most of his slaves had been given an excellent education: during his reign many hardworking and intelligent slaves have risen to positions of excellence.

The childless sultan’s kingdom is divided upon Ghori’s death into many parts by his slaves: …

Making Lahore his capital, Aibak consolidates his control over North India through …