Charles leaves for the Netherlands in 1520,…

Charles leaves for the Netherlands in 1520, making Adrian Regent of Spain, during which time he has to deal with the Revolt of the Comuneros.

The Castilian Comunidades (comuneros), advocates of constitutional and democratic Spanish government, rise up in Toledo in May 1520 against the autocratic rule of Habsburg king, elected the previous year as emperor Charles V, who has enflamed national opinion by his appointing to high posts foreigners who carry out arbitrary and exploitative actions.

the comuneros demand the imposition of traditional Castilian constitutional checks on royal power.

Juan de Padilla, a thirty-ish member of an ancient noble family of Toledo who, having personal grievances against Charles and had participated in dissident activities in Toledo in late 1519 and early 1520, had refused his summons to appear before the Castilian Cortes at Santiago in April, and instead takes up arms as a leader of the uprising.

A circular letter from Toledo to other Castilian cities in revolt invites them to meet at Ávila.