…Constantine himself suffers a humiliating defeat at…

Constantine foolishly allows Irene to return to court in January 792 and even to resume her position as co-ruler.

A hollow semblance of friendship is maintained between mother and son, but the rival factions remain.

Once in control of the state, Constantine proves incapable of sound governance.

His army is defeated by the Arabs, and …

Avar co-rulers Kaghan and Yugrush die in 792 at the hands of their own men, who blame them for the drought and famine.

Subsequently, Avar leaders vie for control, and internal dissent troubles the Avar state.

Irene's iconodule policies alienate many among the themal troops, who are still loyal to the memory of the great warrior emperor, Constantine V. In an effort to maintain her popularity among the monkish defenders of the icons and with the population of Constantinople, she rebates taxes to which these groups are subject; she also reduces the customs duties levied outside the port of Constantinople, at Abydos and Hieros.

The consequent loss to the treasury weighs even more severely since victories won by the Arabs in Asia Minor in 781 and by the Bulgarians in 792 have led both peoples to demand and receive tribute as the price of peace.

A movement develops in favor of his Constantine’s uncle, the Caesar Nikephoros.

Constantine has his uncle's eyes put out and the tongues of his father's four other half-brothers cut off.

His former Armenian supporters revolt after he blinds their general Alexios Mosele.

He crushes this revolt with extreme cruelty in 793.

The Umayyad general Abd-al-Màlik ibn Abd-al-Wàhid ibn Mughith is more fortunate on his approach to Carcassonne, where he defeats Louis the Pious' Carolingian mentor William of Orange.

However, surprisingly, the expedition does not advance deeper into Carolingian territory, but results in hefty loot and numerous slaves, which in turn provide the funds to expand the Great Mosque of Cordoba and build many mosques.

Hisham I, faced in 793 with Carolingian penetration south across the western and eastern Pyrenees, calls a jihad against the Christian Franks, sends troops against Girona and Narbonne, but these strongholds stand firm.

Saxon leader Widukind had surrendered himself to the Franks in 785 and was baptized a Christian the following year.

This capitulation does nothing, however, to alter the savage character of Charles’ Saxon War, now grown so ferocious that Alcuin, the preeminent scholar at the Frankish court, lodges a polite complaint with his ruthless king.

Following a major Saxon rebellion in 792, Charles’ troops begin annual invasions of Saxony.

Sceattas, the primary circulating coinage in Britain at the start of the eighth century, were small silver pennies, which often did not bear the name of either the moneyer or the king for whom they were produced.

To contemporaries these were probably known as pennies, and are the coins referred to in the laws of Ine of Wessex.

This light coinage (in contrast to the heavier coins minted later in Offa's reign) can probably be dated to the late 760s and early 770s.

A second, medium-weight coinage can be identified before the early 790s.

These new medium-weight coins are heavier, broader and thinner than the pennies they replaced and had been prompted by the contemporary Carolingian currency reforms.

The new pennies almost invariably carry both Offa's name and the name of the moneyer from whose mint the coins came.

The reform in the coinage appears to have extended beyond Offa's own mints: the kings of East Anglia, Kent and Wessex all produce coins of the new heavier weight in this period.

Some coins from Offa's reign bear the names of the archbishops of Canterbury, Jaenberht and, after 792, Æthelheard.

Jaenberht's coins all belong to the light coinage, rather than the later medium coinage.

There is also evidence that coins were issued by Eadberht, who was bishop of London in the 780s and possibly before.

Offa's dispute with Jaenberht may have led him to allow Eadberht coining rights, which may then have been revoked when the see of Lichfield was elevated to an archbishopric.

The medium-weight coins often carry designs of high artistic quality, exceeding that of the contemporary Frankish currency.

Offa of Mercia founds an abbey at Verulanium, later St. Albans.

The second recorded Norse raid in the British Isles occurs at Lindisfarne in 793, when a fleet of Norwegian Viking ships appear without warning to disgorge a few hundred ax- and sword-wielding warriors who overwhelm the monastery, loot and kill, then depart with their plunder.

Similar attacks follow at Wearmouth, Jarrow, and Iona.