…especially, Toledo. As Christians are dhimmi, or…

…especially, Toledo.

As Christians are dhimmi, or tolerated non-Muslims living under the rule of a Muslim government, they and Jews are allowed among Muslims if they pay the jizyah, a personal tax.

As the universal nature of Roman law is eroded, most ethnic groups expects to be judged by their own judges, under their own law: Mozarabs have their own tribunals and authorities.

Some of them hold high offices in Muslim courts.

Conversion to Islam is encouraged, but not demanded under the tolerant regime of the Ummayad caliphs and, later, emirs of Córdoba.

Apostasy, however, for one who had been raised as a Muslim or had embraced Islam, is a crime punishable by death.

The Moorish invasion has introduced rug making into Spain; Spanish Moorish rug designs incorporate the geometric forms of Islamic art.