…except Pavia.

Alodia or Alwa, the southernmost of the three kingdoms of Nubia (the other two are Nobatia and Makuria to the north) is converted to Christianity in 569 by missionaries sent by the late Emperor Justinian and his wife Theodora.

Centered south of the great bend in the Nile river and south into the Gezira, Alodia has its capital at Soba, today a group of ruins on the Blue Nile, twelve miles from Khartoum.

The Lombards under Alboin, having swept through the Veneto, …

…Milan, …

…Tuscany, and …

…Benevento, have by late 569 conquered all the principal cities north of the Po River …

The king of the Garamantes, a Saharan Berber kingdom in the Fezzan that has long resisted the Roman Empire's dominating influence, concludes a peace treaty with Constantinople in 569 and accepts Christianity, according to records of the Eastern Roman Empire.

Sigebert I Seizes Galswintha’s Marriage Settlement as Retribution (568 CE)

Following the murder of Galswintha and Chilperic’s subsequent marriage to Fredegund, Sigebert I of Austrasia, at the urging of his wife Brunhild, takes decisive action against his half-brother Chilperic I of Neustria.

Brunhild, seeking justice and vengeance for her slain sister, demands that Sigebert seize the territories that had been part of Galswintha’s marriage settlement as retribution for Chilperic’s crime.

1. The Territories of Galswintha’s Marriage Settlement

Galswintha, as a Visigothic princess, had brought with her a substantial dowry of lands when she married Chilperic in 567 CE. These territories, formerly under Visigothic control, included:

• Bordeaux (a wealthy trade hub)
• Limoges (an important Roman and ecclesiastical center)
• Quercy (a strategic territory along the Lot River)
• Béarn (part of the Pyrenean frontier)
• Bigorre (a region crucial to controlling access to the mountains)

Following Galswintha’s murder in 568 CE, Sigebert invades and takes possession of these lands, claiming them as rightful compensation for her death.

2. The Growing Conflict Between Sigebert and Chilperic

• This act further intensifies the rivalry between the two Merovingian kings, turning their political feud into open war.
• Chilperic, already on bad terms with Sigebert, sees the loss of these lands as a severe blow to his power.
• This dispute escalates into a prolonged and bloody war between Austrasia and Neustria, driven by the vengeful ambitions of Brunhild and the cunning maneuvers of Fredegund.

3. The Long-Term Impact of Sigebert’s Retaliation

• The seizure of Galswintha’s lands shifts the balance of power in favor of Austrasia, strengthening Sigebert’s territorial control.
• It marks the beginning of four decades of internecine warfare between the Merovingian kings, ultimately undermining the stability of the Frankish realm.
• The brutal personal feud between Brunhild and Fredegund becomes one of the defining conflicts of the Merovingian dynasty, leading to assassinations, betrayals, and shifting alliances.

Conclusion: A Step Toward War

Sigebert’s seizure of Galswintha’s marriage settlement in 568 CE is not only an act of vengeance but also a strategic political move that ignites a full-scale civil war between Austrasia and Neustria. The events that follow will define the turbulent history of the Merovingian kingdom, as Brunhild and Fredegund wage a decades-long battle for supremacy that shapes the fate of early medieval Francia.

The name of Qabus ibn al-Mundhir, who had succeeded his slain brother 'Amr III ibn al-Mundhir as Lakhmid king in 569, is an Arabic form of the Persian name "Kavus", adopted under the influence of his Sassanid Persian overlords.

Not much is known of his reign except that he suffers a heavy defeat at the hands of the rival Constantinople-sponsored Ghassanid tribe under Al-Mundhir III ibn al-Harith in 570.

The Avars attack Illyricum in 570.

The Slavs, allying with the more powerful Avars to plunder the Danube Basin, together erase almost all trace of Christian life in Dalmatia and the northwestern parts of present-day Yugoslavia.