Gisulf and a few followers hold out…

Gisulf and a few followers hold out in the citadel until the following May.

Guiscard expels Gisulf, whose sister Sikelgaita he had married, and makes Salerno the capital of his duchy.

The Norman attacks on Benevento, a papal fief, alarm and anger Gregory VII.

Pressured by the emperor, Henry IV, Gregory VII turns again to the Normans, and at Ceprano in June 1080, he reinvests Guiscard, securing him also in the southern Abruzzi, while reserving Salerno.

Robert is now at the height of his power.

During his rise, he has repressed with an iron hand not only the claims of Humphrey's sons but also the uprisings of towns and lords that had been fretting under the restraints imposed upon them.

The harshness with which Robert has chosen to deal with these rebels is intended to transform a heterogeneous population into a strong, sovereign state.