Henry VIII has been happy with Catherine…

...Baden, and ...

Charles William of Baden-Durlach had decided to build himself a new palace in the Hardtwald forest in the plains west of Durlach.

The reasons for his choice of venue are shrouded in legend.

Apart from his quarrels with citizens of Durlach, he may have wanted to escape from the confines of the city and from the company of his unloved wife.

The foundation stone for the new Karlsruhe Palace is laid on June 17, 1715.

The central building of the palace and, subsequently, the whole city, is the so-called Lead Tower.

From this central tower, thirty-two avenues radiate in all directions, marking a uniform distance in all directions.

This outline shapes the map of the "fan city" of Karlsruhe to this day.

To promote the influx of citizens, Charles William had granted them legal, religious, and financial privileges in a decree dated September 24, 1715.

The construction of the castle and town had been sped up and already on July 5, 1717, he had held his first audience in the new palace.

The Court had moved in by 1718, and Charles William in 1719 orders all court officials to move to Karlsruhe, to the regret and anger of the citizens of Durlach.

The rapid implementation and the lack of money means that the building—except for the lead roof of the tower—has to be made of wood.

The wooden houses are painted red, and this causes Karlsruhe to be called the "Red City".

The capital of the northern part of the Margraviate of Baden (held by the Ernestine line) was initially Pforzheim after the margraviate was split in 1535.

Margrave Charles II had moved the capital to Durlach in 1565 for reasons unknown; his territory was then called Baden-Durlach.

He expanded the medieval Karlsburg Castle into a palace.

This palace was burned down by French troops in 1689 during the Nine Years' War, and the plundering was repeated in 1691.

Friedrich VII Magnus had begun to rebuild the palace in 1698 on his return from exile in Basel.

The economy of Baden-Durlach had suffered from the war, however, and had been unable to sustain his grand plan.

Construction had been suspended in 1703 after the completion of the first two palace wings.

Charles Frederick of Baden, regarded as an exemplary enlightened despot, supporting schools, universities, jurisprudence, civil service, economy, culture, and urban development, had in 1767 outlawed torture in the Margraviate of Baden-Durlach, which he has ruled from 1746 until 1771, when he inherits Baden-Baden from the Bernhard Line.

The original land of Baden, of which Charles Frederick becomes Grand Duke, is reunited upon his inheritance of the latter Margraviate.

...Baden, and, soon, Bavaria.

After three days of pogrom in Karlsruhe, the infantry is called in and cannons are deployed in the streets.

Ludwig, the Grand Duke of Baden, demonstrates his solidarity with the Jews of his capital by taking up residence at the home of a prominent Karlsruhe Jew.

After this, calm is restored.

...Karlsruhe, ...

Franz Xaver Winterhalter had launched his career in as a portrait painter to the rich and famous in becoming drawing master to Sophie, Margravine of Baden, at Karlsruhe.

Winterhalter had grown up with a large imagination; he had always been talented at art.

Unfortunately, he had suffered an injury to his right hand when he was twenty-one, which had affected his work greatly, but by the time he is twenty five, in 1830, his work has improved dramatically; in fact, it is reputed that he prefers his left hand over his right hand.

After winning an appointment around this time as court painter to the Grand Duke Leopold of Baden, Winterhalter gains immediate success as a portrait painter specializing in regal and aristocratic subjects.

A mass demonstration in Baden on May 13, in which the army goes over to the people, leads to the establishment of a Provisional Government based on the Reich Constitution.

Prussian troops assault the revolutionary forces in Baden and ...

Stanislao Cannizzaro, remembered today largely for the Cannizzaro reaction, had rendered great service to chemistry with his 1858 paper Sunto di un corso di Filosofia chimica, or Sketch of a course of chemical philosophy, in which he had insisted on the distinction, previously hypothesized by Avogadro, between atomic and molecular weights.

Cannizzaro had showed how the atomic weights of elements contained in volatile compounds can be deduced from the molecular weights of those compounds, and how the atomic weights of elements of whose compounds the vapor densities are unknown can be determined from a knowledge of their specific heats.

These achievements are of fundamental importance to atomic theory.

Cannizzaro plays an influential role in the atomic-weight deliberations of the Karlsruhe Congress in 1860.