One group of Athenians seems, after 346…

Philip’s wound does not incapacitate him completely, however; in the following year, he has the energy to reorganize Thessaly into its four old divisions, or “tetrachies.”

Philip meanwhile continues his tactic of setting the Greek city-states, such as Thebes and Sparta, against each other, and penetrates Greece without war, by winning and buying friends among the politicians of the smaller cities and intervening occasionally with subsidies or a force of mercenaries in their local disturbances.

Dionysius the Younger had regained control of Syracuse in 346, some eight years after the assassination of Dion.

When, two years later, aristocrats of Syracuse appeal to their mother city of Corinth against their tyrant, the Corinthian general Timoleon is chosen to lead a liberation force to Sicily.

Twenty years earlier, he had abetted the killing of his own brother, Timophanes, who had made himself tyrant of Corinth.

Landing at Tauromenium (Taormina) in the summer of 344, Timoleon faces two armies, one under Dionysius and the other under Hicetas (tyrant of nearby Leontini), who has called in Carthaginian forces.

By shrewd tactics, Timoleon defeats his enemies and occupies Syracuse, exiling Dionysius' most avid supporters.

Dionysius himself, compelled to surrender, retires to Corinth.

Timoleon introduces a moderate oligarchy with a mixed constitution as a safeguard against tyranny and invites new settlers from Greece.

Bagoas rules the court and the upper satrapies after the king's return to Susa, working in close partnership with Mentor of Rhodes, who restores the authority of the empire throughout the west.

Artaxerxes II of Persia has subdued Phoenicia and Cyprus, and advances now on Egypt with a great land and naval force.

The Great King is said to have devastated parts of Palestine in 343 in connection with his reconquest of Egypt.

Artaxerxes defeats the pharaoh Nectanebo II at Pelusium in the Nile River delta in 343.

A Persian satrap is placed over Egypt and its puppet Thirty-First dynasty, the walls of its cities are destroyed, its temples are plundered, and Artaxerxes reportedly kills the Apis bull with his own hand. (The local dynasty flees south to Nubia, where it will maintain an independent kingdom that will keep alive the hopes of a national revival.)

Bagoas, commander in chief of the Achaemenid forces, gains wealth by selling back to the priests at an exorbitant price the sacred writings looted from Egyptian temples.

Aristotle is thirty-nine in 343 BCE when he moves to Pella to become the instructor of Phillip's thirteen-year-old son, crown prince Alexander, inspiring him with an interest in philosophy, medicine, and scientific investigation.

Phocion helps the Megarians defend themselves against Philip in 343 BCE.

The issue with Aeschines comes to a public trial, in which Demosthenes and Timarchus seek to prosecute Aeschines for treason.

Demosthenes, in his speech The False Legation, accuses Aeschines of rendering false reports, giving bad counsel, disobeying instructions, and being susceptible to bribery.

In retaliation, Aeschines successfully indicts Timarchus for gross immorality, and at his own trial in the autumn of 343, a narrow majority acquits him, Aeschines having defended himself against the charge in his speech On the False Embassy.

Philip II of Macedon quite easily assimilates the Odrysian kingdom in Thrace, which had in about 360 split into three polities.

According to legend, when Philip attacks the Getae, they send out against him priests robed in white and playing lyres.

He makes another and final move against Thrace in 342, removing the first local recalcitrant, Cersobleptes.

From the economic as well as the political point of view, subduing the Thracian rulers has been well worth the effort: …

…the gorgeous Thracian Treasure from Rogozen in Bulgaria, discovered in 1986, consists of one hundred and sixty-five high-grade silver and gilded vessels; one of them is inscribed “Property of Cersobleptes.”