Jugurtha’s execution of Italians and Romans had…

Han, having forced the northern invaders to retire behind the Great Wall, pushes Chinese political influence westward into Central Asia.

Han also takes control of the Fujian (Fukien) state of Yue.

Tryphaena is taken prisoner by Antiochus IX a year after the murder of Cleopatra IV, after he had beaten his stepbrother in another battle.

Antiochus IX has her executed, sacrificing her in this way to the manes of his wife.

The two rivals now divide Syria between them.

The Roman consul Lucius Calpurnius Bestia leads an army against Jugurtha but Jugurtha surrenders and is given unusually favorable terms.

It appears that Bestia was bribed.

So favorable are Jugurtha's terms of surrender that it leads to an investigation in Rome.

Jugurtha is summoned to Rome.

Upon his arrival, he bribes two Roman tribunes who in turn protect him and prevent him from testifying.

Jugurtha now attempts to arrange for the assassination of a potential rival (his cousin Massiva, who is staying in Rome) and is expelled from the city.

The latent hostility between Lathyros and his mother finally erupts in October 110, when Cleopatra expels him from Egypt and recalls his brother Alexander from Cyprus to serve as coregent.

The civil war in Syria has provided opportunity for semi-independent Seleucid client states such as Judea to revolt.

In 110 BCE, John Hyrcanus carries out the first military conquests of the newly independent Hasmonean kingdom, raising a mercenary army to capture Ma'daba and …

…Shechem, significantly increasing his regional influence.

Hyrcanus annexes the regions of present Transjordan, Samaria, Galilee, and Idumea (also known as Edom), and, in the first example of conversion imposed by the Jews in their history, forces Idumeans to convert to Judaism.

According to Josephus, "Hyrcanus...subdued all the Idumeans; and permitted them to stay in that country, if they would circumcise their genitals, and make use of the laws of the Jews; and they were so desirous of living in the country of their forefathers, that they submitted to the use of circumcision, and of the rest of the Jewish ways of living; at which time therefore this befell them, that they were hereafter no other than Jews.”

In internal policy, however, Hyrcanus commits the grave error of quarreling with one of the two main Jewish ecclesiastical parties, the Pharisees—who follow the Law with great strictness and with whom the Maccabean movement has in origin close affinity—and siding with their opponents, the more liberal Sadducees.

The Pharisees, who had emerged as a clearly defined party during the revolt of the Maccabees, oppose Hyrcanus because of his assumption of both the royal and high-priestly titles and because of the general secularism of the court.

Unlike the priestly and aristocratic Sadducees, the Pharisees believe in resurrection and the immortality of the soul.

The Sadducees, who oppose the use of Oral Law by the Pharisees, hold only to the Pentateuch, and are affronted by the growth of Greek, or pagan, influence that had developed over the past eighty years in the Jewish kingdom.

The Getae had joined with the Celts in invading Roman possessions in the western Balkans from 112 BCE.

Marcus Livius Drusus, consul in that year, fights successfully in Macedonia in 110, defeating the Scordisci, even pushing them out of Thrace across the Danube.

Lathyros, following a reconciliation between mother and son, returns in early 109 to Egypt, while ...

...Ptolemy Alexander departs for Cyprus as king of the island.

The Cimbri and Their Allies in Gaul: Victory Over the Romans in Gallia Narbonensis (109 BCE)

After their victory over the Romans at Noreia (113 BCE), the Cimbri and their allied tribes, including the Teutons and Ambrones, turned westward, moving into Gallia Narbonensis (modern southern France). Their migratory push into Roman-controlled territory led to another clash with the Roman Republic.

The Battle Against Marcus Junius Silanus (109 BCE)

• In 109 BCE, the Cimbri encountered a Roman force under Consul Marcus Junius Silanus, who had been sent to halt their advance in Gallia Narbonensis.
• The Roman army suffered a decisive defeat, further shaking Roman confidence and exposing the vulnerability of the Republic’s northern frontiers.
• This second major victory for the Cimbri over Rome fueled their reputation as a formidable migratory force, intensifying fears of a barbarian invasion.

Aftermath and Strategic Impact

• Following their victory, the Cimbri did not immediately march on Italy, but instead continued their movement through Gaul, raiding settlements and searching for a permanent homeland.
• Their success against Rome at Noreia (113 BCE) and Gallia Narbonensis (109 BCE) demonstrated their superior mobility, battlefield tactics, and ability to challenge Roman legions.
• The defeats led to Roman military reforms and the eventual rise of Gaius Marius, who would later face the Cimbri and Teutonic threat in a decisive series of battles.

This phase of the Cimbrian migration marked a critical turning point in Roman history, setting the stage for one of the Republic’s greatest military crises and the military-political transformations that followed.