Mining of kaolinite and hematite for pottery…

Philadelphia—perhaps one of the first ancient cities with the name—is established in 189 BCE by King Eumenes II of Pergamon, who names the city for the love of his brother, who is to succeed him as Attalus II, and whose loyalty has earned him the nickname, Philadelphos, literally meaning "one who loves his brother".

…Philadelphia in 1097–1099.

Alexios' daughter Anna credits this success to her father's policy and diplomacy  but the Latin historians of the Crusade ascribe it to his treachery and falseness.

Despite his success, Tarchaneiotes is resented by the local magnates, who had mostly profited from the previous situation and have been most affected from his reforms and his honest administration, as well as by the anti-Arsenite establishment of the Church.

In the end, some of the pronoia holders, who have been deprived of land through John's reforms, approach the anti-Arsenite bishop of Philadelphia, Theoleptos, and accuse Tarchaneiotes of plotting a revolt.

Facing the hostility of the local aristocracy, Tarchaneiotes is forced to flee—probably in mid-1300—to Thessalonica, where the emperor resides.

Apparently Tarchaneiotes is imprisoned again, for he is last recorded as being released again from prison in 1304.

Following his flight, the situation in Asia Minor deteriorates rapidly as his reforms are abandoned and reversed, and the army's pay is diverted into the pockets of the local elites.

Consequently, within a short time the imperial army will disintegrate, especially as the numerous mercenaries desert it for want of pay, opening the path for the complete collapse of imperial authority in Asia Minor over the next decade.

The Catalan Company makes one successful counterattack against the Turks at Philadelphia in western Anatolia.

Roger de Flor is given the region without the cities as his fiefdom.

However, the Catalans, claiming insufficient payment by the emperor, turn on their patrons and attack the nearby town of Magnesia (modern Alasehir, Turkey), robbing Greeks and Turks alike.

Roger de Flor's evident intention to found a principality of his own, combined with the predatory activities of his army, lead to his recall at the end of 1304.