The Limbourg Brothers and Their Masterpieces for…

The capital of Denmark is transferred in 1416 from Roskilde, located in northeastern Denmark on the Roskilde Fjord, to …

…Copenhagen, about twenty miles (thirty-two kilometers) to the east.

Roskilde, named for Hroar (Ro), its legendary founder, and for springs (kilde) of the region, is dominated by its enormous cathedral, consecrated in the fifteenth century, which is the burial place of many of the country's kings and queens.

Bedreddin has further refined his doctrines during his exile and maintained contact with a secret society that in 1416 stages a social uprising, of which he becomes the ideological head.

Upon the collapse of the rebellion, he is arrested, and, after a trial of dubious legality, he is convicted and hanged.

Mustafa, a surviving brother of Mehmed I, appears in Rumelia with the help of Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos.

He also has the support of Mircea I of Wallachia and Cüneyt Bey of Aydın (ruler of the Aydinid principality).

Mustafa asked Mehmed I, who had recently defeated other claimants, to partition the empire, but he had been refused and was easily defeated by the forces of Mehmed.

He takes refuge in 1416 in the imperial Greek city of Thessaloniki.

Manuel, after reaching an agreement with Mehmed, sends Mustafa to the island of Lemnos.

Venice secures control of the Dalmatian islands and coast after defeating the Turkish fleet at Gallipoli in June 1416; the republic also acquires new outposts in the Greek mainland and Euboea.

Argovia or Argowe had been a disputed border region between the duchies of Alamannia and Burgundy in early medieval times.

A line of the von Wetterau (Conradines) had intermittently held the countship of Aargau from 750 until about 1030, when they lost it (having in the meantime taken the name von Tegerfelden).

From the extinction in 1254 of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, the area has been ruled by the Habsburgs.(Many castles from this time still stand; examples include Habsburg, Lenzburg, Tegerfelden, Bobikon, Stin and Wildegg. The Habsburgs had founded a number of monasteries, with some structures enduring, e.g., in Wettingen and Muri, the closing of which by the government in 1841 was a contributing factor to the outbreak of the Swiss civil war—the "Sonderbund War”—in 1847.)

When Frederick IV of Habsburg, Duke of Further Austria, sides with Antipope John XXIII at the Council of Constance, Emperor Sigismund places him under the Imperial ban.

Shortly thereafter in 1415, Bern and the rest of the Swiss Confederation use the ban as a pretext to invade Aargau.

The Confederation is able to quickly conquer the towns of Aarau, Lenzburg, Brugg and Zofingen along with most of the Habsburg castles.

Bern keeps the southwest portion (Zofingen, Aarburg, Aarau, Lenzburg, and Brugg).

Some districts, named the Freie Ämter (free bailiwicks) – Mellingen, Muri, Villmergen, and Bremgarten), with the countship of Baden – are governed as "subject lands" by all or some of the Confederates.

The rest of the Freie Ämter are collectively administered as subject territories by the rest of the Confederation.

Muri Amt is assigned to Zurich, Lucerne, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Zug and Glarus, while the Ämter of Meienberg, Richensee and Villmergen are first given to Lucerne alone.

Jacopo della Quercia takes his name from Quercia Grossa (now Quercegrossa), a place near Siena, where he was born in 1374.

He had received his early training from his father, Piero d'Angelo, a woodcarver and goldsmith.

As a Sienese, Jacopo della Quercia must have seen the works of Nicola Pisano and Arnolfo di Cambio on the pulpit in the cathedral of Siena and this must have influenced him.

He may have produced his first work, an equestrian wooden statue for the funeral of Azzo Ubaldini, at the age of sixteen.

He left with his father for Lucca, owing to party strife and disturbances.

Della Quercia had likely studied the huge collection of Roman sculptures and sarcophagi in the Camposanto in Pisa.

These and later influences make him a transitional figure in the history of European art; his work shows a pronounced mid-career shift from the Gothic style to that of the Italian Renaissance.

As in the case of Ghiberti, this development is probably the result of exposure to his contemporary, Donatello.

Della Quercia's earliest work (though this attribution is sometimes contested) appears in the Lucca cathedral: Man of Sorrows (Altar of the Sacrament) and a relief on the tomb of St. Aniello.

In 1401, he had entered a competition to design the bronze doors for Florence's Baptistery, but lost to Ghiberti.

The unsuccessful entry's whereabouts are unknown.

He had sculpted the marble Virgin and Child for the Ferrara cathedral in 1402.

Another (possible) work from his period in Ferrara is the statuette of St. Maurelius (both on in display in the Museo del Duomo).

Back again in Lucca in 1406, he had received the commission from the city's ruler, Paolo Guinigi, to begin work at the tomb of his second wife Ilaria del Carretto in the Lucca cathedral.

The richly dressed woman rests on top of the sarcophagus, delicately portrayed in a Gothic fashion, with her dog, symbol of conjugate fidelity, at her feet.

But his use of several nude putti at the flanks of the tomb clearly shows the classical influence of the Roman sarcophagi at Camposanto (Pisa).

This is a first, a harbinger of the incipient Renaissance.

Contracted in 1412 by wealthy merchant Lorenzo Trenta, he had started the design of the Trenta Chapel in the basilica of San Frediano in Lucca.

He had been accused in 1413, together with his assistant Giovanni da Imola, of serious crimes: theft, as well as rape and sodomy of one Clara Sembrini.

He had fled to Siena (and began working on the Fonte Gaia), but his assistant had been incarcerated for three years.

Jacopo della Quercia only returns to Lucca in March 1416, after being given a letter of safe conduct.

He continues at the Trenta Chapel on the marble altar and several statues of saints, contained in niches.

Some work is also performed by his assistant.

Jacopo also designs the tomb slabs of Lorenzo Trenta and his wife Isabetta Onesti, on the pavement in front of the altar.

The sculptor Donatello, in his “Prophets,” begun in 1416 for niches in the cathedral campanile, experiments increasingly with a harsh realism, partly exaggerated to compensate for the eroding effects of daylight and distance.

Ferdinand’s agreement in 1416 to depose the antipope Benedict XIII, thereby helping to end the Western Schism, which has divided the Western Church for nearly forty years, is the most notable accomplishment of the Aragonese king's brief reign.

Compulsory conversions of the Jews have continued, although not given official encouragement.

However, Jews who have been coerced into becoming Christian can, if they wish, return to their own religion.

Vincent Ferrer passes through the communities and compels the Jews to hear his sermons, then takes his campaign north to France in 1416; this year a new king, Alfonso V, takes the throne in Aragon, and subsequently reverses all the anti-Jewish legislation of the Ferrer epoch, protecting the Jews and conversos firmly from the start of his reign and rejecting all attacks on them.

Most of the damage caused as a result of the disputation has been to morale.

Aragon Jewry has suffered a hard blow and many of its dignitaries and wealthy converted.

The feeling is that the Jews had gotten the worst of it in the confrontation with Geronimo.

The condottiero Carmagnola deliberately causes the collapse of the Trezzo sull'Adda Bridge, the longest arch bridge in the world at this time, by weakening one of its abutments during a siege in 1416.