Ramesses II’s rock temple at Abu Simbel…

Hattusili's son, Tudhaliya IV, is the last strong Hittite king able to keep the Assyrians out of Syria and even temporarily annex the island of Cyprus.

Tikulti-Ninurta completes the Temple of Ishtar at Nimrud in 1205.

Arnuwanda II, who succeeds Tudhaliya IV in 1209 BCE, is fated to be the penultimate king of the Hittite Empire.

Suppiluliuma II, a—or the—son of Tudhaliya IV, the last known king of the New Kingdom of the Hittite Empire, ascends the throne in 1207 BCE.

The tyrannical Assyrian king Tukulti-Ninurta dies in a rebellion led by his sons in 1207 BCE.

A confederation of Libyan and northern peoples is supposed to have attacked the city of Perire, probably located on the western edge of the Delta, during the fifth year of Pharaoh Merneptah.

Included among the ethnic names of the repulsed invaders is the Ekwesh or Eqwesh, whom some have seen as Achaeans, although Egyptian texts specifically mention these Equesh to be circumcised (which does not seem to have been a general practice in the Aegaean at the time).

Homer mentions an Achaean attack upon the delta, and Menelaus speaks of the same in Book 4 of the Odyssey to Telemachos when he recounts his own return home from the Trojan War.

Later Greek myths also say that Helen had spent the time of the Trojan War in Egypt, and not at Troy, and that after Troy the Greeks went there to recover her.

There is also the strange myth of the brothers Aegyptus and Danaus, sons of Belus, with the latter supposedly coming from Egypt, that Marianne Luban has suggested may date to this time.

The Sea Peoples, obscure groups of aggressive seafarers, invade eastern Anatolia, Syria, Palestine, Cyprus, and Egypt toward the end of the Bronze Age, especially at the end of the thirteenth century BCE.

(Because the invasions result in an abrupt break in ancient Near Eastern records, the precise extent and origin of the upheavals remain uncertain.

Principal but one-sided evidence for the Sea Peoples is based on Egyptian texts and illustrations; other important information comes from Hittite sources and from archaeological data.)

Egypt's first war against the Sea Peoples occurs in the fifth year of King Merneptah (reigned 1212-02).

The nation of Israel receives its first extrabiblical mention at the very end of the thirteenth century BCE in the victory stele of Pharaoh Merneptah, the son of Ramesses II, who describes his campaign in Canaan.

The famous Israel Stela, one of four great commemorative texts carved at Merneptah's direction, refers to the suppression of the revolt in Palestine.

It contains the earliest-known reference to Israel, which Merneptah counts among the peoples that he has defeated.

Esau may be the first redhead to receive a place in history.

The son of Isaac and Rebekah and the elder twin brother of Jacob according to the Book of Genesis, Esau's name in Hebrew means "hairy", and, according to Genesis 25:25, it is a reference to his hairiness at birth.

He is also called "Edom", which means red—Genesis relates this directly to his selling his birthright for some "red stuff" (Gen. 25:30).

Genesis also makes a point of mentioning that he was red when he emerged from the womb (Gen 25:25).

This may be an example of retroactive nomenclature, however, as the land which was supposedly inhabited by his descendants, Edom, contains a great abundance of red rock, and most scholars believe that the name of the land is a topographical reference.

Esau becomes a wandering hunter, while his fraternal twin becomes a shepherd.

At one time, when Esau returns hungry from an unsuccessful hunt, Jacob buys Esau's birthright (i.e., the rights due him as the eldest son) for some red pottage (soup).

Later, as Isaac is dying, Jacob, with Rebekah's help, cheats Esau out of his father's blessing.

Esau wants to kill Jacob, but Jacob flees; when he returns twenty years later, Esau forgives him.

In Hebrew tradition, according to which Jacob is the ancestor of the people of Israel, Esau is the ancestor of the Edomites, a Semitic-speaking tribal group who probably occupy the Negev Desert and the Arabah valley of what is now southern Israel and adjacent Jordan.

The nation of Edom is known to have existed back to the eighth or ninth century BCE, and the Bible dates it back several centuries further.

Recent archaeological evidence may indicate an Edomite nation as long ago as the eleventh century BCE, but the topic is controversial.

The Edomites may have been connected with the Shasu and Shutu, nomadic raiders mentioned in Egyptian sources.

Indeed, a letter from an Egyptian scribe at a border fortress in the Wadi Tumilat during the reign of Merneptah (r. 1213 to 1203 BCE) reports movement of nomadic "shasu-tribes of Edom" to watering holes in Egyptian territory.

Ramesses III succeeds his father, Sethbakhte, in 1198 BCE.

The Arctic Small Tool tradition (ASTt) was a broad cultural entity that developed along the Alaska Peninsula, around Bristol Bay, and on the eastern shores of the Bering Strait around 2500 BC, with ASTt groups being the first human occupants of Arctic Canada and Greenland. The Denbigh Flint complex were the first members of the wide material assemblage known as the Arctic Small Tool tradition.

The Cape Denbigh Flint Complex, recognized by its excavator J.L. Giddings as ancestral to later expressions of Eskimo culture in Alaska, faded around 3000-3300 years ago (roughly 1000-1300 BCE). 

Giddings found tiny, intricately chipped stone tools at the Iyatayet Site, and this particular stone tool style is known as the Denbigh Flint Complex. The multicomponent site of Iyatayet, at Cape Denbigh, Alaska, was originally excavated by J. L. Giddings in the early 1950s.

Giddings published "The Denbigh Flint Complex" in American Antiquity in 1951, describing a thin layer of pebbles and flinty artifacts that furnished concrete evidence in support of theories of a Bering Strait gateway to America in remote times.

This particular stone tool style is known as the Denbigh Flint Complex and recognized as ancestral to later expressions of Inupiat culture in Alaska. Distant ancestors of modern Inupiat and Inuit, Denbigh people pioneered new lands and innovated new technologies that set the stage for the next four millennia of high latitude living across the American Arctic.