Clandestine Polish revolutionaries have tried in vain…

Clandestine Polish revolutionaries have tried in vain to effect their country’s independence since 1833, but the radical factions never form a united front on any issue besides the general goal of independence.

Their programs insist that the Poles liberate themselves by their own efforts and link independence with republicanism and the emancipation of the peasants.

Handicapped by internal division, limited resources, heavy surveillance, and persecution of revolutionary cells in Poland, the Polish national movement suffers numerous losses.

After the failure of several other attempts, the Polish Democratic Society, the leading radical nationalist group, plans an uprising for 1846.

Stanched by arrests in Poznan, ...