Continued population growth, political and military rivalries,…

Continued population growth, political and military rivalries, and economic expansion in this region produce important changes in Javanese society.

Taken together, these changes lay the groundwork for what has often been identified as Java's—and Indonesia's—"golden age" in the fourteenth century.

In Kediri, for example, there develops a multilayered bureaucracy and a professional army.

The ruler extends control over transportation and irrigation and cultivates the arts in order to enhance his own reputation and that of the court as a brilliant and unifying cultural hub.

The Old Javanese literary tradition of the kakawin (long narrative poem) rapidly develops, moving away from the Sanskrit models of the previous era and producing many key works in the classical canon.

Kediri's military and economic influence spreads to parts of Kalimantan and Sulawesi.