Two insurrections, initiated by the Poles in…

Two insurrections, initiated by the Poles in 1831 and again in 1863, had failed to liberate the country.

The Russian Empire eliminates Polish influence on Lithuanians and introduces Russian social and political institutions.

Under tsarist rule, Lithuanian schools are forbidden, Lithuanian publications in the Latin script are outlawed, and the Roman Catholic Church is severely suppressed.

However, the restrictive policies fail to extinguish indigenous cultural institutions and language.