Robert erects a wooden castle at Monkchester on the ruins of Pons Aelii, a Roman military fort along the River Tyne.

The area of present Newcastle after the Roman departure from Britain, completed in 410, had become part of the powerful Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria, and became known throughout this period as Monkchester.

Monkchester had been all but destroyed after a series of conflicts with the Danes and the devastation north of the River Tyne inflicted by Odo of Bayeux after the 1078 rebellion against the Normans.

Because of its strategic position, Robert Curthose, son of William the Conqueror, had erected a wooden castle here in the year 1080 and the town had henceforth been known as Novum Castellum or New Castle.

When William Rufus became king of England after his father's death, Malcolm III of Scotland had not intervened in the subsequent rebellions by supporters of Robert Curthose.

William Rufus confiscates Edgar Ætheling's lands in England in 1091, and Edgar flees north to Scotland.

Malcolm, in an attempt to enlarge his holdings and protect Scottish independence,  marches south in May, not to raid and take slaves and plunder, but to besiege Newcastle, built in 1080 by Robert Curthose.

This appears to have been an attempt to advance the frontier south from the River Tweed to the River Tees.

The threat is enough to bring the English king back from Normandy, where he had been fighting Robert Curthose.

In September, learning of William Rufus's approaching army, Malcolm withdraws north and the English follow.

Malcolm is prepared to fight, unlike in 1072, but a peace is arranged by Edgar Ætheling and Robert Curthose whereby Malcolm again acknowledges the overlordship of the English king.

…Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

…Newcastle.

Moreover, …

Henry, Third Earl of Huntingdon, a Prince of Scotland, of the House of Dunkeld, and an English peer, is the son of King David I of Scotland and Maud, daughter of Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria and Huntingdon, (beheaded 1075), by his spouse Judith of Normandy.

It is said that Henry had been named after his uncle, King Henry I of England.

Earl Henry, who had perhaps been seriously ill in the 1140s, dies unexpectedly at Newcastle or Roxburgh on June 12, 1152, in the Northumbrian domain which David and he had done much to attach to the Scots crown in the decades of English weakness after the death of Henry of England.

Unlike the death of William Adelin in the White Ship, which had left Henry I without male heirs, Earl Henry has three surviving sons.

Thus, although his death damages David's plans, and makes disorders after his death very likely indeed, it is not a disaster.

Eleven-year-old Malcolm, as the eldest of Earl Henry's sons, is sent by his grandfather on a circuit of the kingdom, accompanied by Donnchad, Mormaer of Fife, styled rector, perhaps indicating that he is to hold the regency for Malcolm on David's death.

Donnchad and Malcolm are accompanied by a large army.

William, Henry’s second son, inherits the earldom of Northumberland.

William the Lion, king of the Scots, had inherited the title of Earl of Northumbria in 1152, but had had to relinquish this title in 1157 to King Henry II of England.

He will spend much of his reign trying to regain his lost territory.

Seeing his opportunity while Henry II is occupied in fighting against his sons in the Revolt of 1173–1174, William invades Northumbria in 1173.

He advances on Newcastle but finds the partly-built stone castle too strong to allow him to take the town.

William is brought back to Newcastle as a captive.

His army finds itself leaderless and wanders back to Scotland.

William is held at Newcastle for a time but it is not considered strong enough, and he is finally moved to Falaise in Normandy.

While he is there, …

William, to obtain his freedom, has been forced to sign the humiliating Treaty of Falaise, under which he had sworn an oath of allegiance to the English king and agreed to the garrisoning of the captured castles by English soldiers at Scottish expense.

When William is released, after signing the treaty, he travels back to Scotland via Newcastle, and is attacked by a mob; such is the antipathy of the local people towards Scottish invaders.

Knox had been appointed a preacher of St. Nicholas' Church in Newcastle upon Tyne towards the end of 1550.

Quickly rising in the Anglican ranks, he is soon appointed one of the six royal chaplains serving the king, in which position he is to exert a reforming influence on the text of the Book of Common Prayer.

Knox condemns Dudley’s coup d'état in a sermon on All Saints Day.