The Late Byzantine mosaic scheme of the…
1315 CE
The Late Byzantine mosaic scheme of the Church of the Holy Apostles in Salonika, executed around 1315, display brilliant color, graceful forms, and decorative richness.
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Charles gradually encircles the Csák dominion, appointing loyal castellans to head of the nearby forts.
The king's armies have invaded the Csák lands, but they cannot occupy them.
Matthew meanwhile occupies some fortresses in the March of Moravia and therefore King John of Bohemia also invades his territories in May 1315).
The Czech armies defeat his troops at Holic but they cannot occupy the fortress.
The king attempts to weaken the unity among Matthew's partisans through diplomatic means.
According to a royal charter issued in September 1315, Charles I deprives three of the oligarch's retainers of all their possessions and gives these to Palatine Dominic Rátót, because they support Matthew Csák's efforts and have not asked for the king's grace.
One of these sanctioned nobles is Felician Záh, who will later unsuccessfully attempt to assassinate the entire royal family in 1330.
The Ottoman Turks lay siege to the imperial city of Bursa in 1315.
Tino da Camaino, born in Siena, the son of the architect Camaino di Crescentino, had been a pupil of Giovanni Pisano, whom he helped work on the façade of the Cathedral of Siena.
Later Tino followed his master to Pisa, where in 1311 he became responsible for the work on the Cathedral.
Four years later he executes the funerary monument of Emperor Henry VII at the Campo Sant, in Pisa.
This work displays the influence on Gothic funerary sculpture of the Early Christian column sarcophagus, derived from Greek versions exported to Rome from Asia Minor during the Classical period.
The army of Pisa, commanded by Uguccione della Faggiuola, engages the forces of both the Kingdom of Naples and the Republic of Florence in the Battle of Montecatini, fought in the Val di Nievole on August 29, 131 .
The Pisans win a decisive victory despite being outnumbered.
The Neapolitan forces, made up of nearly sixty thousand men, are commanded by Philip I of Taranto.
While he survives the battle, his eldest son Charles of Taranto and his brother Peter, Count of Eboli and Gravina, are both killed in the fight.
Additional deaths include members of one hundred and fourteen Florentine noble families, as well as Francesco della Faggiuola, son of Uguccione.
Forli, situated on the Montane River about thirty kilometers (twenty miles) from the Adriatic Sea—called Forum Livii by the Romans and independent since the eleventh century—comes under the rule of the Ordelaffi family from 1315.
Simone Martini, emerging from the school of Duccio, executes an enormous fresco in 1315, “Maesta” (almost forty feet/twelve meters wide), painted in sumptuous, glowing color in complex and rhythmic linear patterns, on an end wall of the council chamber in Siena's Palazzo Pubblico.
The House of Habsburg had coveted the area around the Gotthard Pass as it offers the shortest passage to Italy, but the Confederates of Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden, who had formalized the Swiss Confederacy in 1291, hold imperial freedom letters from former Habsburg emperors granting them local autonomy within the empire.
Tensions between the Habsburgs and Confederates had heightened in 1314 when Duke Louis IV of Bavaria (who will become Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor) and Frederick the Handsome, a Habsburg prince, each claimed the crown of the Holy Roman Emperor.
The Confederates support Louis IV because they fear the Habsburgs will annex their lands, which they had tried to do in the late thirteenth century.
War eventually breaks out after the Confederates of Schwyz raid the Habsburg-protected Einsiedeln Abbey, as a result of a dispute regarding access to pastures.
Frederick's brother, Leopold of Austria, leads a large army, including a small number of knights, to crush the rebellious Confederates.
He plans a surprise attack from the south via Ägerisee (also known as Lake Äegen or Lake Aegeri) and the Morgarten Pass, counting on complete victory.
Johannes von Winterthur's chronicle of the battle puts the Austrian forces at twenty thousand, although that number is now believed to be inaccurate.
Another account, by Rudolf Hanhart, states that there were nine thousand men in the Austrian army, while historian Hans Delbrück states that the Austrian army consisted of only two thousand to three thousand men, but that these were mainly well-trained and -equipped knights.
The Confederates of Schwyz, supported by the Confederates of Uri, fear for their autonomy, but are not supported by the Confederates of Unterwalden, who expect the army to approach from the west near the village of Arth, where they have erected fortifications.
The size of the Confederate army is also disputed, with estimates ranging from fifteen hundred to around three thousand or four thousand.
Nevertheless, regardless of their size, the Confederate militia lacks the training of the Habsburg knights, who are also better equipped.
According to a legend recounted in Tait's Edinburgh Magazine in 1852, one Habsburg knight, Henry Huenenberg, recognizing the superiority of his force and possibly concerned that victory over a "rabble" would be a disgrace, or in an act of chivalry, shot an arrow with a message attached into the Confederates' camp, telling them that the Austrians would advance through Morgarten on November 15 and that they should return to their homes.
In response, the Confederates prepare a roadblock and an ambush at a point between Lake Ägerisee and Morgarten Pass, where a small path leads between a steep slope and a swamp.
When the Confederates attack from above with rocks, logs and halberds, the Austrian knights have no room to defend themselves and suffer a crushing defeat, while the foot soldiers in the rear flee back to the city of Zug.
About fifteen hundred Habsburg soldiers are killed in the attack.
According to Karl von Elgger, the Confederates, unfamiliar with the customs of battles between knights, brutally butchered retreating troops and everyone unable to flee.
He records that some infantry preferred to drown themselves in the lake rather than face the brutality of the Swiss.
The defeat of the Austrians ensures independence for the Swiss Confederation.