The Liao Dynasty takes over Beijing; they…

The Annamese had successfully evicted the Chinese from their lands by 931, but a rebel army officer had murdered the Annamese leader shortly afterward.

The slain leader’s son-in-law, Ngo Quyen, has assembled a coalition of nobles and peasants to oppose the rebel, who seeks aid from China.

Ngo kills the rebel leader in 937, and in 938 awaits the Chinese forces at the Bach Dang River, where he orders iron spikes driven into the river bottom to a depth at which high tide conceals them.

The Chinese ships, sailing upstream, are impaled and trapped at the turn of the tide, enabling Ngo’s forces to decisively defeat the Chinese and end their control over Annam.

Kaesong’s walled city, called Songdor, becomes the capital of the Goryeo dynasty from 938.

Eberhard, after succeeding his father Arnulf as Duke of Bavaria, had quickly come into conflict with Otto, as Eberhard opposes the king's sovereignty over Bavaria as part of the peace treaty between the former King Henry and Arnulf.

Refusing to recognize Otto's supremacy, Eberhard rebels against the King.

In two campaigns in the spring and fall of 938, Otto defeats and exiles Eberhard from the kingdom and strips him of his titles.

In his place, Otto appoints Eberhard's uncle Berthold as the new Duke of Bavaria on the condition that Berthold recognize Otto as the sole authority to appoint bishops and to administer royal property within the duchy.

It is known that Berthold was a count in the March of Carinthia in 926 while his elder brother Arnulf the Bad was Bavarian duke.

In 927, German King Henry the Fowler had vested him with ducal rights in Carinthia.

Otto has at the same time to settle a dispute with Duke Eberhard of Franconia, the brother of the former king Conrad I of Germany.

On his deathbed, in December 918, King Conrad had persuaded Eberhard to forgo any ambition for the German crown and to support Henry the Fowler as his successor.

Conrad had considered this the only way to end the long-standing feud between Saxons and Franks and to prevent the dissolution of the German kingdom into individual states based around the German tribal duchies.

Though Eberhard had remained loyal to King Henry I, Eberhard has used the transition to Otto as an opportunity to increase his own power by besieging Helmern castle near Peckelsheim.

Though the fortress is located within the Duchy of Franconia, near the border of the Duchy of Saxony, it is under the control of a Saxon commander who refuses to swear fealty to any non-Saxon ruler.

Otto calls the feuding parties to his court at Magdeburg, where Eberhard is ordered to pay a fine, and his lieutenants are sentenced to carry dead dogs in public, a particularly dishonoring punishment.

The main pillars of Ibn Ra'iq's regime are the Turkish troops under Bajkam and Tuzun, former subordinates of Mardavij.

To secure his own position, Ibn Ra'iq even massacres the old caliphal bodyguard, the Hujariyya, destroying the last body of troops still loyal to the Abbasid dynasty.

Ibn Ra'iq's authority is soon weakened, however, when he falls out with the Baridis of Ahwaz, who had initially supported his rise to power.

When he tries to deprive them of their province, they reopen their contacts with the Buyids.

Finally, it is discontent among the Turkish military that leads to his downfall: the Turks under Bajkam rise up against him, and after a brief struggle, Bajkam becomes the new amir al-umara in September 938, while Ibn Ra'iq is sent to govern Diyar Mudar.

The struggle between Bajkam and Ibn Ra'iq has one long-term and disastrous consequence: trying to impede Bajkam's advance towards Baghdad, Ibn Ra'iq orders the blocking of the Nahrawan Canal to flood the countryside.

This action does not avail Ibn Ra'iq, but it heavily impairs the local agriculture for centuries to come, since the canal plays a central role in the ancient irrigation system of the Sawad.

Created in the sixth century, it had reached its peak under the Abbasid Caliphate, serving as the main water supply for the Abbasid capital of Baghdad, while the regions irrigated by it serve as the city's main breadbasket.

Eberhard, infuriated with Otto's actions over the disposition of Meresburg, in 938 joins Otto's half-brother Thankmar, Count Wichmann, and Archbishop Frederick of Mainz in rebellion against the King.

They besiege Warstein in the Arnsberg Forest and free Otto's brother, Henry, from imprisonment here.

Duke Herman I of Swabia, one of Otto's closest advisors, warns him of the rebellion and the King moves quickly to put down the revolt.

Wichmann is soon reconciled with Otto and joins the King's forces against his former compatriots.

Eberhard and Frederick seek reconciliation with the King following their defeats, Otto pardons both after a brief exile in Hildesheim and restores them to their former positions.

The revolt is soon suppressed: Otto besieges Thankmar at Eresburg and has him killed.

Wichmann allies with some Slavs and makes war against his former compatriots.

The Viets, following recognition from the Chinese to form an independent state in 939, attack the Chams to the south.

Masakado, of the Taira family, has been gradually expanding his territory from his center in the eastern region of Kanto; in 939, he declares himself emperor of Kanto, establishing a government modeled after that at Kyoto.

Petar may have had to also face the incursions of the Magyars, who had been defeated and forced into Pannonia by his father in 896.

Perhaps after an initial defeat, Petar had come to terms with the enemy and now uses Magyar groups as his allies against Serbia.

Various Magyar clans and chieftains appear to have begun to settle in what was still Bulgarian territory north of the Danube, where they may have become Bulgarian federates, enjoying independence from the Árpád dynasty.

This arrangement paves the way for the eventual loss of the region to the Magyars, although that will happen over the half-century following Petar's death.

Petar apparently allows these groups to cross Bulgaria and raid imperial territories in Thrace and Macedonia, perhaps as an underhanded reaction against Constantinople’s support for the Serbian rebellion.