The main pillars of Ibn Ra'iq's regime…

The Annamese had successfully evicted the Chinese from their lands by 931, but a rebel army officer had murdered the Annamese leader shortly afterward.

The slain leader’s son-in-law, Ngo Quyen, has assembled a coalition of nobles and peasants to oppose the rebel, who seeks aid from China.

Ngo kills the rebel leader in 937, and in 938 awaits the Chinese forces at the Bach Dang River, where he orders iron spikes driven into the river bottom to a depth at which high tide conceals them.

The Chinese ships, sailing upstream, are impaled and trapped at the turn of the tide, enabling Ngo’s forces to decisively defeat the Chinese and end their control over Annam.

Kaesong’s walled city, called Songdor, becomes the capital of the Goryeo dynasty from 938.

The Liao Dynasty takes over Beijing; they name Nanjing as their South Palace.

Eberhard, after succeeding his father Arnulf as Duke of Bavaria, had quickly come into conflict with Otto, as Eberhard opposes the king's sovereignty over Bavaria as part of the peace treaty between the former King Henry and Arnulf.

Refusing to recognize Otto's supremacy, Eberhard rebels against the King.

In two campaigns in the spring and fall of 938, Otto defeats and exiles Eberhard from the kingdom and strips him of his titles.

In his place, Otto appoints Eberhard's uncle Berthold as the new Duke of Bavaria on the condition that Berthold recognize Otto as the sole authority to appoint bishops and to administer royal property within the duchy.

It is known that Berthold was a count in the March of Carinthia in 926 while his elder brother Arnulf the Bad was Bavarian duke.

In 927, German King Henry the Fowler had vested him with ducal rights in Carinthia.

Otto has at the same time to settle a dispute with Duke Eberhard of Franconia, the brother of the former king Conrad I of Germany.

On his deathbed, in December 918, King Conrad had persuaded Eberhard to forgo any ambition for the German crown and to support Henry the Fowler as his successor.

Conrad had considered this the only way to end the long-standing feud between Saxons and Franks and to prevent the dissolution of the German kingdom into individual states based around the German tribal duchies.

Though Eberhard had remained loyal to King Henry I, Eberhard has used the transition to Otto as an opportunity to increase his own power by besieging Helmern castle near Peckelsheim.

Though the fortress is located within the Duchy of Franconia, near the border of the Duchy of Saxony, it is under the control of a Saxon commander who refuses to swear fealty to any non-Saxon ruler.

Otto calls the feuding parties to his court at Magdeburg, where Eberhard is ordered to pay a fine, and his lieutenants are sentenced to carry dead dogs in public, a particularly dishonoring punishment.

Eberhard, infuriated with Otto's actions over the disposition of Meresburg, in 938 joins Otto's half-brother Thankmar, Count Wichmann, and Archbishop Frederick of Mainz in rebellion against the King.

They besiege Warstein in the Arnsberg Forest and free Otto's brother, Henry, from imprisonment here.

Duke Herman I of Swabia, one of Otto's closest advisors, warns him of the rebellion and the King moves quickly to put down the revolt.

Wichmann is soon reconciled with Otto and joins the King's forces against his former compatriots.

Eberhard and Frederick seek reconciliation with the King following their defeats, Otto pardons both after a brief exile in Hildesheim and restores them to their former positions.

The revolt is soon suppressed: Otto besieges Thankmar at Eresburg and has him killed.

Wichmann allies with some Slavs and makes war against his former compatriots.

The Viets, following recognition from the Chinese to form an independent state in 939, attack the Chams to the south.

Masakado, of the Taira family, has been gradually expanding his territory from his center in the eastern region of Kanto; in 939, he declares himself emperor of Kanto, establishing a government modeled after that at Kyoto.

Petar may have had to also face the incursions of the Magyars, who had been defeated and forced into Pannonia by his father in 896.

Perhaps after an initial defeat, Petar had come to terms with the enemy and now uses Magyar groups as his allies against Serbia.

Various Magyar clans and chieftains appear to have begun to settle in what was still Bulgarian territory north of the Danube, where they may have become Bulgarian federates, enjoying independence from the Árpád dynasty.

This arrangement paves the way for the eventual loss of the region to the Magyars, although that will happen over the half-century following Petar's death.

Petar apparently allows these groups to cross Bulgaria and raid imperial territories in Thrace and Macedonia, perhaps as an underhanded reaction against Constantinople’s support for the Serbian rebellion.