The Luccans, now aided by Milanese troops,…

The Luccans, now aided by Milanese troops, decisively defeat the Florentines at the Battle of Altopascio in 1325.

Castruccio orders the looting of Florentine lands to pay for war debts and renews his threat to take Florence, which seeks to enlist the help of other Guelph supporters.

Castruccio, now master of nearly all of Tuscany, comes into conflict with the Papacy, finally ceasing hostilities.

Following his sudden death at forty-seven in 1328, Florence soon regains most of its holdings and, with Pisa, assumes control of Lucca.