The three Connecticut River towns—Windsor, Wethersfield, and…

The terms of the Peace of Westphalia ending the Thirty Years War formally recognize the independence of Savoy, ...

Savoy joins the Grand Alliance in June 1690.

Savoyard pastor Henri Arnaud, after studying theology in Switzerland, had returned to Piedmont and in 1685 established himself as pastor at Torre Pellice, where he has led the resistance of the Waldensians against the persecution of Protestants inaugurated by Duke Victor Amadeus II of Savoy.

Eventually, Arnaud had returned to Switzerland, where, with help from William III of Orange, he has rallied the Waldensian exiles.

Encouraged by William's accession to the English throne, Arnaud had in 1689 decided on a third attempt to return to Piedmont.

In what is known as the glorieuse rentrée, their historic journey from Switzerland back to their Piedmontese valleys, the exiles have met with resistance, but their successful and vigorous mountain warfare has impressed Victor Amadeus, who, in June 1690, makes peace with the Waldenses in return for their fighting on the Savoyard side against the French during the War of the Grand Alliance.

The Italian theater has been relatively quiet throughout 1694, but although Amadeus has been badly bruised by the French, by 1695 both he and Louis are keen to cut a deal.

Victor Amadeus had abdicated in 1730, in favor of his twenty-nine-year-old son, Charles Emmanuel III, but, when he changes his mind and attempts to resume his throne in 1731, Charles Emmanuel has him arrested, and confines his father until his death the following year at the age of sixty six.

French princesses Adélaïde and Victoire continue from Chambéry to visit their niece Clotilde at the royal court of Turin, but stay only a fortnight.

Savoy had technically been subsumed into the Kingdom of Sicily in 1714, as a consequence of the War of the Spanish Succession, then (after that island was traded to Austria for Sardinia) the Kingdom of Sardinia from 1720.

While the heads of the House of Savoy are known as the Kings of Sardinia, Turin has remained their capital.

When Victor Amadeus came to the throne in 1773, he had started working on bureaucratic and military aspects of the reign.

Suspicious of anything innovative, he has, however, implemented several public works as well as paying a great deal of attention to his administration and armed forces.

He has approved and set up two new important cultural state institutions on the advice of the bourgeoisie and aristocracy alike.

He has started works of improvements in the port of Nice, and has had dams in the Arce and the road of the Côte built.

At the outbreak of the French Revolution, Victor Amadeus III had allowed his two sons-in-law, the Counts of Artois, Provence and the Princesses Marie Adélaïde and Victoire, to stay in his kingdom under his protection.

A few months after he declares war on revolutionary France in 1792, Revolutionary French forces march to Savoy to "bring freedom" to its people as part of the French Revolution.

A decree annexing it to France is signed on November 27 of the same year, and it becomes the 85th département of France, renamed as the Mont Blanc département.

The Allied offensive peters out when snow begins to fall in the mountains, prompting the disappointed Savoyard king to return to his capital in mid-November.

The Piedmontese Republic had been declared on September 10, 1798, in the territory of Piedmont, the main part of the Kingdom of Sardinia which, despite its name, has its core on the mainland.

The kingdom had suffered a first French invasion in 1796, which had led to the Treaty of Paris and the loss of Savoy and Nice under the disadvantageous Treaty of Paris (1796) with the French Republic, giving the French army free passage through Piedmont.

After a second invasion in 1798, King Charles Emmanuel IV had escaped to Rome, but he has never agreed to sign a new peace treaty, approving a final arrangement of its continental territories according to international law.

On December 6, 1798, the French under Joubert occupy Turin and force Charles Emanuel to abdicate all his territories on the Italian mainland and to withdraw to the island of Sardinia, which stays out of the reach of the French army.

Suvorov moves on to Turin in mid-May, having defeated Moreau yet again at Marengo.

The king of Sardinia greets him Suvorov as a hero and confers on him the rank of "Prince of the House of Savoy", among other honors.

General MacDonald moves north from Naples in June to assist Moreau.

Suvorov, trapped between two armies, takes the bold decision to concentrate his whole force against MacDonald, beating the French at the Trebbia River, close to the spot of Hannibal's great victory in 218 BCE.