The twenty-thousand-man Rashidun army led by 'Amr…

The twenty-thousand-man Rashidun army led by 'Amr ibn al-'As in April 638 after a six-month siege conquers Jerusalem, the city holiest to Jews.

The imperial garrison surrenders to Rashidun caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab.

With the Arab conquest, Jews are allowed back into the city.

Umar signs a treaty with Monophysite Christian Patriarch Sophronius, assuring him that Jerusalem's Christian holy places and population will be protected under Muslim rule.

Christian-Arab tradition records that, when led to pray at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, the holiest site for Christians, the caliph Umar refuses to pray in the church so that Muslims would not request conversion of the church to a mosque.

He prays outside the church, where the Mosque of Umar (Omar) stands to this day, opposite the entrance to the Church of the Holy Sepulcher.

Jerusalem’s surrender leaves only Caesarea Maritima as the last imperial holdout in Palestine.