Twice the Berber tribes compel the invading…
676 CE to 819 CE
Twice the Berber tribes compel the invading Arabs to retreat into Tripolitania, but each time the Arabs, employing recently converted Berber tribesmen recruited in Tripolitania, return in greater force, and in 693 they take Carthage.
The Arabs cautiously probe the western Maghreb and in 710 invade Morocco, carrying their conquests to the Atlantic.
In 712 they mount an invasion of Spain and in three years have subdued all but the mountainous regions in the extreme north.
Muslim Spain (called Andalusia), the Maghreb (including Tripolitania), and Cyrenaica are systematically organized under the political and religious leadership of the Umayyad caliph of Damascus.
Groups
Berber people (also called Amazigh people or Imazighen, "free men", singular Amazigh)
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Garamantes
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Africa proconsularis (Roman province)
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Tripolitania (Roman province)
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Africa Byzacena (Roman province)
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Cyrenaica (Roman province)
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Visigothic Kingdom of Spain
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Africa, or Carthage, Exarchate of
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Roman Empire, Eastern: Heraclian dynasty
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Islam
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Umayyad Caliphate (Damascus)
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Roman Empire, Eastern: Non-dynastic
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Roman Empire, Eastern: Heraclian dynasty
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Roman Empire, Eastern: Isaurian dynasty
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