Valentinus, in an attempt to usurp the…

Emperor Taizong sends an Chinese expeditionary force to invade and annex the Tarim Basin kingdom of Karasahr in Xinjiang, a vassal of the Western Turkic Khaganate.

The oasis state is conquered and Western Turks moving to assist Karasahr are defeated by the Tang forces.

Oswiu's goal in marrying Eanflæd may have been the peaceful acceptance of his rule in Deira, but the plan is unsuccessful.

His paternal cousin Oswine, son of the late king Osric of Deira, manages by 644 to establish himself as king of Deira despite armed objections from Oswiu.

His succession, probably the choice of the people of Deira, splits the informally unified kingdom of Northumbria.

Umar’s reign has seen the transformation of the Islamic state from an Arabian principality to a world power.

In less than ten years, the Muslim Arab armies have extended their western conquests to the borders of Roman Tunisia and conquered all of the Middle East except for Anatolia.

Caliph Umar, having disseminated Islam by conquest into the formerly Christian lands of Palestine, Syria, and Egypt, and into the Sassanian Persian Empire, has established the principles of Islamic law and administration in the conquered areas.

Although Islam tolerates other faiths but does not at this time encourage conversions, it does facilitate immigration of Muslim Arab tribes into the conquered territories.

Umar, dying in Medina of wounds inflicted by the Persian slave Pirouz for personal reasons, appoints a committee to determine his successor.

At Umar’s death on November 3, 644, they select Uthman ibn Affan, a member of a wealthy and powerful clan called the Umayyads who have only lately embraced Islam.

The selection of Uthman, the first Muslim convert of high social and economic standing, is a compromise when the more powerful candidates cancel each other out.

The Umayyads, having suffered a partial eclipse during the Prophet's lifetime, now reassert their influence.

The ambitious Emperor Taizong of Tang leads an army of sixty thousand men across the Liao River into the northern Korean kingdom of Goguryeo in spring, 645.

Tang forces under Li Shiji heads southeast, toward the Yalu River, and put the strategic fortress city of Anshi under siege.

Taizong is unable to capture the fortress, which is defended by Yang Manchun.

Food supplies running low and winter coming on, he withdraws his forces, with the main Goguryan army still intact, and returns to China.

Chinese monk Xuanzang returns from India, traveling through the Khyber Pass and passing through Kashgar, Khotan, and Dunhuang on his way back to China.

He arrives in the capital, Chang'an, on the seventh day of the first month of 645, and a great procession celebrates his return.

Xuanzang was greeted with much honor but he refuses all high civil appointments offered by the still-reigning emperor, Emperor Taizong of Tang.

Instead, he retires to a monastery and, with the emperor's support, he sets up a large translation bureau in Chang'an, drawing students and collaborators from all over East Asia.

Having brought from India six hundred and fifty-seven basic Buddhist texts in Sanskrit, he ultimately systematizes and translates seventy-five of the texts, publishing them as Datang xiyouji.

He is credited with the translation of some 1,330 fascicles of scriptures into Chinese.

His strongest personal interest in Buddhism is in the field of Yoacara, or Consciousness-only.

The force of his own study, translation and commentary of the texts of these traditions initiates the development of the Faxiang school in East Asia.

Although the school itself does not thrive for a long time, its theories regarding perception, consciousness, karma, rebirth, etc., will find their way into the doctrines of other more successful schools.

Peace between Muslim Egypt and Christian Makuria only really materializes in 645 upon the succession of Abdullah Ibn Sa'ad.

This peace will last until the Second Battle of Dongola, the outcome of which in 652 will result in one of the longest peace treaties in recorded history.

Constantinople makes several attempts to retake Alexandria.

None of these are successful for a sustained period of time, but imperial forces in 645 are able to briefly regain control of the city, when Uthman dismisses Amr as military governor of Alexandria.

Constans, taking advantage of the power vacuum, dispatches a fleet to besiege the city, successfully at first, as Alexandria revolts from Arab rule at the appearance of three hundred ships of the imperial fleet, whose forces recapture the city.

Arab chroniclers tell of a massive fleet and army sent by Constantinople with the goal of retaking Alexandria.

The imperial forces are led by a lower ranking imperial official named Manuel.

After entering the city without facing much resistance, the imperial forces are able to regain control of both Alexandria and the surrounding Egyptian countryside.

Rothari’s quick conquests have left Constantinople with only the Ravennan marshes in northern Italy.

The exarch of Ravenna, Plato, tries to regain some territory by invading the southern Po Valley, but his army is defeated by Rothari on the banks of the Scultenna (the Panaro) near Modena, with the loss of eight thousand men, in 645.

However, …

…Plato recaptures Oderzo in the same year.

Greek theologian Maximus (later called the Confessor), in his many writings on ascetical, doctrinal, exegetical, and liturgical subjects, argues that through Christ, the Incarnate Word, humans had received the power to practice virtue, which he interprets as a combination of ascetic self-denial with active charity.