Wang Dun, a Jin Dynasty general and…

After a further period of tension, Constantine attacks Licinius in 324, routing him at Adrianople (modern Edirne) on July 3, and …

…succeeds in shutting him up within the walls of Byzantium.

Crispus, in this second war between Constantine and his co-emperor, commands his father's fleet of two hundred ships in an important naval victory in the Hellespont over the superior fleet of Licinius, compelling his hasty withdrawal to Bithynia, where Licinius assembles a large force and makes a last stand on September 18, 324 at the long and bloody Battle of Chrysopolis (modern Üsküdar, Turkey).

Licinius flees, but later surrenders on terms.

Constantine, now sole emperor of East and West, had in 324 made Byzantium the official capital of Roman Empire.

(There is no evidence that the city’s title of Nova Roma, or New Rome, was actually used for official purposes in Constantine's own time).

By this time, Constantine, who has on several occasions granted special privileges to individual churches and bishops, now openly embraces Christianity.

The Lakhmid Kingdom had been founded by the Lakhum tribe that emigrated from Yemen in the seconnd century and ruled by the Banu Lakhm, hence the name given it.

The founder of the dynasty was 'Amr, whose son Imra' ul-Qays (not to be confused with the famous poet Imru' al-Qais who lived in the sixth century) is claimed to have converted to Christianity according to Western authors.

Imra' ul-Qays dreams of a unified and independent Arab kingdom and, following that dream, had seized many cities in Arabia.

He had then formed a large army and developed the Kingdom as a naval power, which consists of a fleet of ships operating along the Bahraini coast.

From this position he has attacked the coastal cities of Persia—which at that time was in civil war due to a dispute as to the succession—even raiding the birthplace of the Sassanid kings, the province of Pars (Fars).

The Persians, led by Shapur II, had initiated a campaign against the Arab kingdom in 325.

When Imra' ul-Qays realizes that a mighty Persian army composed of sixty thousand warriors is approaching his kingdom, he asks for the assistance of the Roman Empire, but no help comes from that quarter.

The Persians advance toward al-Hirah and a series of vicious battles takes place over al-Hirah and the surrounding cities.

Shapur crushes the Lakhmid army and captures al-Hirah, then orders the extermination of its population in retaliation for their raids on Pars.

In this, the young Shapur acts much more violently than is customary at this time in order to demonstrate to the Arab Kingdoms and the Persian nobility his power and authority.

Shapur's title in Arabic is Zol 'Aktaf, meaning the one who pierces shoulders, as he did this with some of his captives.

He installs Aus ibn Qallam and gives the city autonomy, thus making the kingdom a buffer zone between the Persian Empire and the territory of other Arabs in the Peninsula.

Imra' ul-Qays escapes to Bahrain, taking his dream of a unified Arab nation with him.

Constantine, after his victory over Licinius in 324, writes that he has come from the farthest shores of Britain as God's chosen instrument for the suppression of impiety, and in a letter to the Persian king Shapur II he proclaims that, aided by the divine power of God, he has come to bring peace and prosperity to all lands.

The Arian heresy, with its intricate explorations of the precise nature of the Trinity that are couched in difficult Greek, is as remote from Constantine's educational background as it is from his impatient, urgent temperament.

In a letter to the chief protagonist, Arius of Alexandria, Constantine states his opinion that the dispute had been fostered only by excessive leisure and academic contention, that the point at issue is trivial and can be resolved without difficulty.

Egris, known to the ancient Greeks and Romans as Lazica and to Persians as Lazistan, is an early western Georgian kingdom in the South Caucasus, which flourishes between the sixth century BCE and the seventh century CE.

It covers the territory of the former kingdom Kolkha (Colchis) and the territory of modern day Abkhazia.

Throughout its existence it has been primarily a strategic vassal kingdom of the Eastern Roman Empire, occasionally coming under the Sassanid Persian rule.

At some point in the early fourth century CE, the Christian Eparchy or bishopric of Pitiunt (Bichvinta in Georgian) is established in this kingdom.

In 325, among the participants of the First Council of Nicaea is the Bishop of Pitiunt, Stratophilus.

Hosius convokes another synod, one of Syrian bishops, at Antioch.

Both this synod and the one held simultaneously at Alexandria condemn Arius and his followers.

Iamblichus, born at Chalcis (modern Quinnesrin) in Syria, is the chief representative of Assyrian Neoplatonism, though his influence has spread over much of the known world.

Having founded his own school at Apameia (near Antioch) in about 304, he has interpreted Plotinus' and Porphyry's systems of emanations in a mystic and religious sense, rather than an aesthetic or logical sense.

Breaking from Plotinus in his espousal of a level of "ideal numbers" between The One and Mind, Iamblichus has added many levels of Being, arranged triadically, with two extremes and a connecting mean, each level inhabited by gods or demons who mediate between higher and lower orders.

Differing also from Porphyry, Iamblichus maintains that proper religious observance (theurgy) is a virtue higher than that of the intellect and one that can sway the benevolent gods and repel the evil demons.

Called "the divine" by Neoplatonists, Iamblichus dies in 325, leaving several works including Life of Pythagoras; a treatise, On the Egyptian Mysteries; and an essay, The Community of the Mathematical Sciences, as well as (lost) commentaries on Plato and Aristotle.

Arianism by the 320s has become so widespread in the Christian church and spurred such disunity that Constantine, prompted by Hosius, convokes the Council of Nicaea in May 325, the first ecumenical council held by the church, meant to settle the relationship between the persons of the Trinity. (This is not Constantine's first attempt to reconcile orthodox and heretical factions in Christianity, but it is his first use of the imperial office to impose a settlement.)

A lengthy and heated debate ensues among the attendees, nearly all of whom come from the eastern Mediterranean region.

Athanasius may have accompanied Alexander to Nicaea, who, called as a theological expert, leads the council in defending the unity of Christ as both God and man, promoting his “homoousios” ("of one substance") doctrine to establish the full divinity and equality of Christ with the Father, as against the Arian position of “homoiousios” ("of like substance").

Eusebius of Caesarea, having become embroiled in the controversy raised by Arianism over the nature of the Trinity, seeks to reconcile the opposing parties.

Not naturally a spiritual leader or theologian, but as a very learned man and a famous author who enjoys the special favor of the emperor, he comes to the fore among the three hundred members of the council and is prominent in its transactions.

The confession that he proposes becomes the basis of the formula approved at Nicaea, which Eusebius, although disinclined to fully support the “homoousios” doctrine propounded by Alexander and Athanasius, eventually signs, largely in deference to Constantine.

The council issues a decision, formalized in the Nicene Creed, declaring that God the Father and God the Son, or Christ, are of one identical and eternal substance.

The Arian belief in a Christ created by and thus inferior to the Father is thus deemed heretical, and Arius himself is excommunicated and banished.

The Nicaean Creed simultaneously rejects Monarchianism (the belief that God the creator is supreme but shared his power with Christ, the logos or Word) and Sabellianism, or Modalism (the belief that the three persons of the Trinity are modes or aspects of the same God).

The council also makes disciplinary decisions concerning the status and jurisdiction of the clergy in the early church and establishes the date on which Easter is to be celebrated.

Hosius is influential in securing the inclusion in the Nicene Creed of the key word homoousios, to affirm that God the Son and God the Father are of the same substance.

The Council, which represents the first stage in the rigidification of Christianity, officially changes the date of Easter from Passover and forbids Jews from owning Christian slaves or converting pagans to Judaism.

In this year also, Constantine outlaws gladiatorial combat in the Roman Empire.

Those who were condemned to become gladiators for their crimes are to work from now on in the mines.