The other European powers, refusing to accept…

The other European powers, refusing to accept the dominant position of Russia in the Balkans, calls the Congress of Berlin in 1878.

At this conclave, the Europeans agreed to a much smaller autonomous Bulgarian state under nominal Ottoman suzerainty.

Serbia and Romania are recognized as fully independent states, and the Ottoman provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina are placed under Austrian administration.

Cyprus, although remaining technically part of the Ottoman Empire, becomes a British protectorate.

For all its wartime exertions, Russia receives only minor territorial concessions in Bessarabia and the Caucasus.

In the course of the nineteenth century, France seized Algeria and Tunisia, while Britain begins its occupation of Egypt in 1882.

In all these cases, the occupied territories formerly had belonged to the Ottoman Empire.