Chanyu Zhi dies later in 13, and…

The Chinese cyclical system begins to be used for reckoning years as well as days in the early years of the first century CE. (The Chinese year, which consists of twelve lunar months, will from time to time adjusted to the solar year by the addition of an intercalary month.)

During the Han dynasty, each branch had been matched with an animal name, producing the series: rat, ox, tiger, hare, dragon, serpent, horse, sheep, monkey, cock, dog, and pig.

The Chinese year begins with the second new moon after the winter solstice, which occurs between January 21 and February 19.

In 13, under Emperor Wang Mang's rule, the Celestial or Heavenly Stems, a Chinese system of ordinals that first appear around 1250 BCE during the Shang dynasty as the names of the ten days of the week, are incorporated to number the years and replace the previous system, which used only the Earthly Branches, a similar cycle of twelve days.

Also in 13, perhaps related to the Wusun situation, the Xiyu kingdoms join forces, attack the Xiyu commissioner Dan, and succeed in killing him.

The Xiyu kingdoms by this point no longer pledge allegiance to the Xin dynasty.

The kingdom of Wusun, under a system set up by the Han dynasty, has two kings—the greater king is a descendant of a Han princess and her husband the king of Wusun, while the lesser king is a descendant of her brother-in-law).

The dual kingdom sends ambassadors to Chang'an in CE 13 to offer tributes.

Because Xin Emperor Wang Mang knows that the people of Wusun actually have a greater affinity for the lesser king, he places the ambassador of the lesser king in a higher position than the ambassador of the greater king, which deeply insults the greater king.

Postumus's banishment has ensured Tiberius's priority as Augustus's heir.

Tacitus (Ann.

1.3) reports a rumor that Augustus paid a highly covert visit to the island in CE 1 to apologize to his adopted son and give him notice of plans to return him to Rome.

Augustus was accompanied by a trusted friend, Fabius Maximus, and swore him to secrecy about the matter; Maximus then told his wife, Marcia, who mentioned it to Livia.

Maximus was soon found dead, and Marcia subsequently claimed she was responsible for his death.

Dio's version (56.30) reports the island visit as fact, though the brief account is likely based on Tacitus' account (Ann.

1.1) and does not mention Fabius and Marcia.

It is dubious whether this tale has any veracity.

Drusus, despite a violent temper, shows promise with both military and politics.

In 13 CE, he is made a permanent member of the Senate committee Augustus has founded to draw up the Senate's daily business.

Germanicus, who had become consul to Emperor Augustus in 12 BCE, is in 13 given command of twelve legions in Germany and Gaul.

There is a temporary détente in 14, when Xian returns Xin defectors Chen Liang and Zhong Dai who, as junior army officers in Xiyu, had killed their superiors and surrendered to the Xiongnu (perhaps seeking to have the Xiongnu help them reestablish Han rule) so that Wang could execute them.

In reciprocation, Wang recalls the forces to the northern regions that had been intended to attack Xiongnu (but have never received the full support that Wang had envisioned).

However, after Chanyu Xian discovers, late in 14, that Deng had been executed, he resumes raids against the border regions but maintains a façade of peaceful intention.

Tiberius consolidates Roman control of the western Balkan peninsula; by the time of his accession in 14, Rome has subjugated the Celts in what is now Serbia, their conquest of Pannonia complete with the capture in this year of Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica, Vojvodina, Yugoslavia), the key town of the Sava Valley.

After the revolt is put down, Pannonia is organized as a separate province and garrisoned with three legions.

The Pannonians are mainly Illyrians, but there are some Celts in the western part of the province.

Emona or Aemona, short for Colonia Iulia (A)emona, is a Roman castrum founded in 14/15 CE, possibly by the XV Legio Apollinaris (theory proposed by the noted historian and epigraphy expert Balduin Saria), on a territory already populated by ancient settlers of uncertain origin.

Situated on the Ljubljanica River near its junction with the Sava, its location overlaps with the southwestern part of the old nucleus of the modern city of Ljubljana, capital of Slovenia, where numerous remains of Emona can still be seen today (substantial parts of the ancient city walls, several mosaics, parts of the paleochristian baptistry, residential houses, statues, tombstones etc.).

(A)emona is, along with Nauportus, Celeia and Poetovio, one of the main cities on the eastern coast of the Adriatic.

Formerly, it was assumed to have been a part of the Roman province of Pannonia.

However, recent research seems to indicate that Aemona was actually the easternmost city of the Roman empire proper.

Augustus had in 19 BCE declared the conquest of the Iberian peninsula complete with the Roman victory in the Cantabrian Wars, .

The northeast of the peninsula had been the first region to fall under Roman control, and served as a base for further conquests.

While the Romans during this period had settled the former Carthaginan town occupying present Barcelona, it is considerably less important than the major centers of Tarraco and Caesar Augusta, known today as Zaragoza.

The name Barcino, believed to have been derived from the Punic family of Barca, is formalized around the end of the reign of Augustus (CE 14), is a shortened version of the name which had been official up until this point, Colonia Faventia Julia Augusta Pia Barcino (also Colonia Julia Augusta Faventia Paterna Barcino and Colonia Faventia).

As a colonia, it had been established to distribute land among retired soldiers.

The Roman geographer Pomponius Mela refers to Barcino as one of a number of small settlements under the control of Tarraco.

However its strategic position on a branch of the Via Augusta allows the development of its commercial and economic development, and it enjoys immunity from imperial taxation.

Tiberius is due to leave for Illyricum in 14 but is recalled by the news that Augustus is gravely ill, and on August 19, Augustus dies while visiting the place of his birth father's death at Nola.

Both Tacitus and Cassius Dio wrote that Livia brought about Augustus' death by poisoning fresh figs, though this allegation remains unproven.

Tiberius, who is present alongside Livia at Augustus' deathbed, is named his heir.

Augustus' famous last words are, "Have I played the part well?

Then applaud as I exit"—referring to the play-acting and regal authority that he had put on as emperor.

Publicly, though, his last words were, "Behold, I found Rome of clay, and leave her to you of marble."

An enormous funerary procession of mourners travels with Augustus' body from Nola to Rome.