William has had some successes in external…

William has had some successes in external affairs.

He had in 1091 repulsed an invasion by King Malcolm III of Scotland, forcing Malcolm to pay homage.

He built Carlisle Castle in 1092, taking control of Cumberland and Wed over Malcolm's possessions in England, and Malcolm had again invaded, ravaging Northumbria.

At the Battle of Alnwick, on November 13, 1093, Malcolm had been ambushed by Norman forces led by Robert de Mowbray.

Malcolm and his son Edward were killed and Malcolm III's brother Donald had seized the throne.

William had supported Malcolm's son Duncan II, who had held power for a short time, and then another of Malcolm's sons, Edgar.

Edgar had conquered Lothian in 1094 and in 1097, with William's aid in a campaign led by Edgar Ætheling, eventually removes Donald III.

Blinding and imprisoning his brother, he assumes the Scottish throne.

Edgar recognizes William's authority over Lothian and attends William's court.