Western Qin, Xianbei kingdom of

Xia and Later Qin forces have battled constantly, often inconclusively, for the past several years, but with the wars becoming much more costly to Later Qin than Xia, with Southern Liang and Western Qin no longer being willing to be Later Qin vassals as a result.

In 412, when Western Qin's prince Qifu Gangui is assassinated by his nephew Qifu Gongfu, Liu Bobo considers attacking Western Qin despite its status as an ally, but at the counsel of his advisor Wang Maide does not do so.