Hoboken Hudson New Jersey United States
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Relations between the Netherlanders and the Lenape are tenuous.
Trade agreements, land ownership, familial and societal structures are misunderstood and misconstrued by both parties.
Language differences mostly likely do not help matters.
These conflicts lead to rising tensions and eventually an incident which starts a series of raids and reprisals, known as Kieft's War.
Dutch merchant Willem Kieft had arrived in New Netherland in 1639 to take up his appointment as Director of New Netherland, with a directive to increase profits from the port at Pavonia.
His solution is to attempt to exact tribute from with claims that the money will buy them protection from rival groups.
It is not uncommon among the native population to do so, but in this case his demands are ignored.
At this time, the settlers in New Amsterdam were in intermittent conflict with their Wappinger and Raritan neighbors.
The death of a Dutch settler, Claes Swits, at the hands of a Weckquaesgeek (Wappinger) on the east side of the Hudson River) particularly angers many of the Dutch when the tribe will not turn over the murderer.
...Pavonia.
The initial strike is a massacre: one hundred and twenty-nine Dutch soldiers kill one hundred and twenty natives, including women and children.
Historians differ on whether or not the massacre was Kieft's idea.
Many consider this to be one of the first acts of genocide of natives by European settlers in North America and is sometimes referred to as the Pavonia Massacre.
This attack unites the Algonquian peoples in the surrounding areas, to an extent not seen before.
A force of united "tribes" attacks the homesteads at Pavonia on October 1, 1643.
Many settlers are killed and Pavonia, most of which is burned to the ground, is evacuated.
Those who survive are ordered to the relative safety of New Amsterdam.
Escalating attacks and retaliations by the natives and the Dutch West India Company soldiers during the next two years become known as Kieft's War and lead to a near devastation of the New Netherland settlements at Pavonia and ...
Through his efforts, his bill becomes a law on April 10, 1790 which introduces the patent system as law in the United States.
Stevens, born June 26, 1749, in New York City, New York, is the only son of John Stevens Jr. (1715–1792), a prominent state politician who had served as a delegate to the Continental Congress, and Elizabeth Alexander (1726–1800).
His sister, Mary Stevens (d. 1814), has married Robert R. Livingston, the first Chancellor of the State of New York.
His maternal grandparents were James Alexander (1691–1756), the Attorney General of New Jersey, and Mary (née Spratt) Provoost Alexander (1693–1760), herself a prominent merchant in New York City.
His paternal grandfather, John Stevens, emigrated from London England around 1695, and was married to Mary Campbell.
He graduated King's College (which will become Columbia University) in May 1768.
After his graduation from King's College, he had studied law and had been admitted to the bar of New York City in 1771.
He practices law in New York and lives across the river.
At public auction, he had bought from the state of New Jersey a piece of land which had been confiscated from a Tory landowner.
The land, described as "William Bayard's farm at Hoebuck" comprises approximately what is now the city of Hoboken.
Stevens has built his estate at Castle Point, on land that will later become the site of Stevens Institute of Technology (bequeathed by his son Edwin Augustus Stevens).
In 1776, at age twenty-seven, he had been appointed a Captain in Washington's army in the American Revolutionary War.
During the war, he was promoted to Colonel and became Treasurer of New Jersey, serving from 1776 to 1779.
The charter essentially gives Stevens and his partners, through the Camden & Amboy Railroad, a monopoly on railroads in the state of New Jersey.
Robert Livingston Stevens, the second son of John Stevens, invents the T rail in 1830.
Soon after, he will invent the railroad spike and develop a more efficient system of laying railroad roadbeds.
In 1888 Bly had suggested to her editor at the New York World that she take a trip around the world, attempting to turn the fictional Around the World in Eighty Days into fact for the first time.
A year later, at 9:40 a.m. on November 14, 1889, and with two days' notice, she boards the Augusta Victoria, a steamer of the Hamburg America Line, and begins her 40,070 kilometer journey.
She takes with her the dress she is wearing, a sturdy overcoat, several changes of underwear, and a small travel bag carrying her toiletry essentials.
She carries most of her money (£200 in English bank notes and gold, as well as some American currency) in a bag tied around her neck.
The New York newspaper Cosmopolitan has sponsored its own reporter, Elizabeth Bisland, to beat the time of both Phileas Fogg and Bly.
Bisland has traveled the opposite way around the world, starting on the same day as Bly took off.
Bly, however, had not learned of Bisland’s journey until reaching Hong Kong. She dismissed the cheap competition. "I would not race," she said. "If someone else wants to do the trip in less time, that is their concern."
To sustain interest in the story, the New York World had organized a "Nellie Bly Guessing Match" in which readers were asked to estimate Bly's arrival time to the second, with the Grand Prize consisting at first of a free trip to Europe and, later on, spending money for the trip.
During her travels around the world, Bly had gone through England, France (where she met Jules Verne in Amiens), Brindisi, the Suez Canal, Colombo (Ceylon), the Straits Settlements of Penang and Singapore, Hong Kong, and Japan.
The development of efficient submarine cable networks and the electric telegraph has allowed Bly to send short progress reports, although longer dispatches had to travel by regular post and thus were often delayed by several weeks.
Bly has traveled using steamships and the existing railroad systems, which caused occasional setbacks, particularly on the Asian leg of her race.
During these stops, she visited a leper colony in China and, in Singapore, she bought a monkey
As a result of rough weather on her Pacific crossing, she arrived in San Francisco on the White Star Line ship RMS Oceanic on January 21, two days behind schedule.
However, after World owner Joseph Pulitzer chartered a private train to bring her home, she arrived back in New Jersey on January 25, 1890, at 3:51 pm.
Just over seventy-two days after her departure from Hoboken, Bly is back in New York.
She has circumnavigated the globe, traveling alone for almost the entire journey.
Bisland is, at this time, still crossing the Atlantic, only to arrive in New York four and a half days later.
She also had missed a connection and had to board a slow, old ship (the Bothnia) in the place of a fast ship (Etruria).
Bly's journey is a world record, although it will be bettered a few months later by George Francis Train, whose first circumnavigation in 1870 possibly had been the inspiration for Verne's novel.
A wharf fire at the docks in Hoboken, New Jersey, owned by the North German Lloyd Steamship line, spreads to German passenger ships Saale, Main, and Bremen on June 30, 1900.
The fire engulfs the adjacent piers and nearby ships, killing three hundred and twenty-six people.