Kamenec-Podol'skij > Kamianets-Podilskyi > Kamyanets-Podilsky > Kamieniec Podolski Khmel'nyts'ka Oblast Ukraine
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The Great Crossroads
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…Podolia.
Poland under King Casimir III had conquered western Podolia in 1366, but loses it after Casimir’s death in 1370.
After the death of the Lithuanian prince Vytautas (Vitovt) in 1430, Podolia is incorporated into the Podolian Voivodeship of the Polish Crown, …
… Podolia.
The causes of the Polish-Ottoman War of 1672 to 1767 can be traced to 1666, when Petro Doroshenko, Hetman of Right-bank Ukraine, had aimed to gain control of Ukraine but suffered defeats from other factions struggling over control of that region.
Hetman Doroshenko, in final bid to preserve his power in Ukraine, had signed a treaty with Sultan Mehmed IV that recognized the Cossack Hetmanate as a vassal of the Ottoman Empire.
Commonwealth forces had in the meantime been trying to put down unrest in Ukraine, but had been weakened by decades-long wars (the Khmelnytsky Uprising, The Deluge, and the Russo-Polish War of 1654–1667).
Trying to capitalize on that weakness, Tatars, who commonly raid across the Commonwealth borders in search of loot and plunder, had invaded, this time allying themselves with Cossacks under Doroshenko.
They had been stopped, however, by Commonwealth forces under hetman Jan Sobieski, who halted their first push (1666–67), defeating them several times, and finally gaining an armistice after the battle of Podhajce.
Hetman Doroshenko had in 1670, however, tried once again to take over Ukraine, and in 1671 the Khan of Crimea, Adil Giray, supportive of the Commonwealth, had been replaced with a new khan, Selim I Giray, by the Ottoman sultan.
Selim has entered into an alliance with the Doroshenko's Cossacks; but again, as in 1666–67, the Cossack-Tatar forces had been dealt defeats by Sobieski.
Selim now renews his oath of allegiance to the Ottoman Sultan and pleads for assistance, to which the Sultan agrees.
Thus an irregular border conflict escalates into a regular war, as the Ottoman Empire is now prepared to send its regular units onto the battlefield in a bid to try to gain control of this region for itself.
Ottoman forces, numbering eighty thousand men and led by Grand Vizier Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed and Ottoman sultan Mehmed IV, invade the province of Podolia in August, take the Commonwealth fortress at Kamianets-Podilskyi and ...
The Sultan settles some of the Lipkas around Kamieniec after the city's fall.
These will tend to be the Tatars who do not return to the Commonwealth after the end of the rebellion.
The Kamieniec Lipkas still hold on to their separate traditions to this day.
Sobieski recommences the war against the Turks in the autumn of 1674 and manages to recapture the fortresses of Kamieniec Podolski, ...
The Tatars begin a counteroffensive in 1676 and cross the Dnieper, but cannot retake the strategic town of Żórawno and the peace treaty is signed soon afterwards.
Kamieniec Podolski remains a part of Turkey, but ...
Contemporary Ottoman sources find in Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed all the qualities requisite for an Oriental statesman—wide knowledge, wisdom, justice, and generosity.
He has also distinguished himself in Islamic law and Persian literature.
Like other pashas, he maintains a private force of about fifteen hundred sekbans (mercenary soldiers).
Exhausted and for some time ill as a result of long expeditions and excessive use of wine, Ahmed dies in November 1676, leaving a cash fortune of more than three hundred thousand gold pieces.
His successor as grand vizier is his brother-in-law Kara Mustafa, who had been adopted into the powerful Albanian Köprülü family at a young age, and had served as a messenger to Damascus for Ahmed.
He had directed in the name of Köprülü the family's mukata' or tımar fields in Merzifon.
Mustafa had become a vizier in his own right ater having distinguished himself, and by 1663 was commander of the Ottoman Grand Fleet of the Aegean Sea.
He had served as a commander of ground troops in the war against Poland in 1672, negotiating the settlement that adds the province of Podolia to the empire, enabling the Ottomans to transform the Cossack regions of the southern Ukraine into a protectorate.